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In a reality show, a contestant starts to treat their partner better when that partner becomes interested in another person. According to interdependency theory, why might the contestant do this The contestant realizes that the current partner's CLalt could be higher than the partner's current outcomes, which could lead to instability in their relationship 3 multiple choice options
What species will you use to study monogamy Humans
-Less control
-Can't control social and environmental factors
-Large sample sizes
-Can get thousands to participate
-Cheaper
-We study humans to understand humans
Non-Human
-More control
-Can control what they eat and such
-Small to large sample sizes (depending on species)
-Expensive
-We study other species to understand humans or general principles
What is a gene's only goal To replicate
In what situation does altruism evolve -Organisms have memories -Organisms can distinguish specific others -Probability of meeting again -Mutual benefits help both parties over time
What is the core idea of the selfish gene Humans and organisms exist so that genes can survive and replicate
What are comparison levels for alternatives (CLalt) -Outcome one could receive in an alternative relationship -Puts lower limit on how bad outcomes can be in current relationship
High CLalt Makes individuals more likely to leave unsatisfactory relationships
Low CLalt Result in staying despite dissatisfaction
Four types of relationships Based on the outcomes, CL, and CLalt
- Happy and stable
- Unhappy but stable
- Happy but unstable
- Unhappy and unstable
Four types of relationships: Happy and stable Outcomes exceed both CL and CLalt
Outcomes are better than expectations; high satisfaction and dependence
Four types of relationships: Unhappy but stable Outcomes are below CL but above CLalt
Next best thing is worse than current relationship
Four types of relationships: Happy but unstable Outcomes exceed CL but are below CLalt
In order to be happy, outcome must be above CL For it to be stable, outcome must be above CLalt
Four types of relationships: Unhappy and unstable Outcomes are lower than both CL and CLalt
Monogamy Mating system
Pair living Spatial arrangement
Pair bonding
Serial monogamy Animals choose a single mate each year, but may choose different mates in subsequent years
Biases with anthropomorphism -Bias in our research -Misunderstood behavior -Improve our research -If we care, then better situations for the animal
Methods for studying monogamy: Behaviorally -Preference for partner -Distress upon separation -Improvement of distress upon return of the partner -Biparental care (some species) -Territoriality (some species)
Methods for studying monogamy: Physiologically -Hormones and neurotransmitters -Brain region activation
Titi monkey preference test -Used to asses preferences for an individual's mate
-Male can move freely to either female area of the cage
Results
-Male spends most time with female partner on her side of cage
Separation study -Remove pair mate from cage, 30 min observation, reunite the partners
-Assess separation distress and reunion behaviors
-Can be used to characterize bond strength
Ainsworth's strange situation
Methods for studying monogamy: Oxytocin -Neurotransmitter known for animal bonding in humans, monkeys and voles
-Many social animals have a similar hormone
-Cortisol to monitor arousal and stress
Titi monkey speed-dating -Measured time in preference zone
-Matched individuals based on how much time they spent near all mates, how much time all possible mates spent near them, and unique amount of time each possible dyad spend with each other
Results
-Monkeys that were paired via the speed-dating test had more positive behaviors compared to monkeys that were paired the traditional way
Satisfaction -Outcomes-CL -How much a person is happy with the relationship
Dependence -Outcomes-CLalt -If your current outcomes exceed your CL, you feel satisfied -If your outcomes fall below CL, you feel dissatisfied
A's dependence, B's power -B's power = the range of outcomes -B can provide A before A leaves the relationship -A's power is the inverse -B has more power than A -B has a bigger distance to fall than A -B is more powerful
You have the power in a relationship to extent at which you can provide for the other
-A has to work harder to keep B than B does to A -Principle of lesser interest -That partner who has less interest in continuing the relationship has greater power
The outcome matrix A representation of the outcomes available to each partner from various combos of behaviors
The given matrix Depicts preferences based on immediate gut levels of self interest
Assume this is where people begin with their preferences whenever they encounter a new situation
-IV: Response time (7 v 14 sec)
-DV: proportion of destructive (rather than constructive) responses
Actor Control -Degree to which one controls own outcomes
-Your choices affect your outcome and it doesn't matter what your partner does
-With high actor control you don't care what your partner does
Partner control -Degree to which one's partner controls one's own outcomes -Your partner is entirely in control of your outcomes
Joint control -Degree to which changing one's behaviors makes it desirable for the partner to change behavior
Prisoner's dilemma
-Number of years in prison -Cooperate = don't turn partner in -Defect = turn your partner in
Prisoner's dilemma issue Andy and Betty can't talk to each other so they don't have joint control --> can't get best outcome for everybody
Prisoner's dilemma: Actor control -Greed -If you do the nasty thing to your partner, you will get the better outcome -If Betty defects: could get 0-3 years vs cooperating where she could get 1-
Prisoner's dilemma: Partner control -Fear -If your partner defects, you will end up with a bad outcome -If Andy defects, Bett could get 3/4 years in prison
Imagine your partner engages in a behavior that is destructive to your relationship. According to the theory of transformation of motivation, which of the following scenarios are less likely to elicit an negative response from you? Your motivation is MaxJoint: you wait 10 minutes before responding to your partner's behavior 3 multiple choice options
What is Tit for Tat spread -Where an organism --> displace nastier strategies in later generations -Evolutionary stable strategy: it will resist invasion by another strategy as long as the organisms have a chance of meeting again -In an environment where everyone defects -First you get cooperation based on kinship -The this ability is generalized to others
Tit for Tat: The PD competition -Game theorists submitted their entries to a 200 round prisoner's dilemma faceoff -Some complex, some simple -Most points across all games: Tit for tat -Cooperate on the first move -Do whatever your opponent did on the last move
Tit for tat: Caveat Noise
-No noise: If two tit for tats play each other, everyone should cooperate -Noise: someone tries to do something good but slips up
Exchange relationships
Provide benefits because: -Previously received benefits from that person -Expect repayment at a later date
Communal relationships -Partners have concern for other's welfare
-Benefits are given when the other needs it or show concern
-Benefits given without expecting return
Even matters in attraction settings
Ex: Giving rides to the airport
Communal/exchange study Results
-If Paula is taken, they use red pen
-If Paula is single, they use the black pen to muddy their contributions
-IV: Attractive confederate (Paula) is available vs not
-We view our partners more positively than the view themselves -The strength of these positive illusions predicts -Dating and marital satisfaction -Dating stability
Relationship biases: How can this be -Individuals recognize their partner's faults, they just downplay importance -Illusions can function as self-fulfilling prophecy -People's ideals change over time to be in line with their current partner's characteristics
Relationship biases: Verification -Accuracy should increase -Feelings of prediction and control -Intimacy (understanding)
Global General traits
More enhancement/bias
Specific
Specific traits
More objective/verification
What is the difference between global and specific The degree to be biased vs objective varies depending on which part of the hierarchy we are talking about
Findings
-People enhance more at the global than the specific level
-Global enhancement plus specific accuracy --> less breakup
Honest communication model Openly express negative feelings, deal with conflict directly
Never go to bed angry
Good management Regular expression of negativity is caustic, rehashing unresolvable issues is not helpful
