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PSC 152 EXAM 2 WITH VERIFIED!! COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
AUTOMATICITY
What did Freud believe the purpose of the unconscious was? What did he think wasstored there? - ANSWER -place in our minds for storing unacceptable feelings & desires -things we don't like about ourselves and don't want to think about-memories that cause us psychological pain
What is the contemporary view of the unconscious? -processes that are inaccessible to consciousness ANSWER -collection of mental -adaptive in many cases What are Bargh's 4 horsemen of automaticity? - ANSWER 1) awareness
- intentionality3) efficiency
- controllability What are 2 ways in which we lack awareness of something's influence on our judgmentsand behaviors? - ANSWER -subliminal priming (EXISTENCE of a stimulus that influenced some response) -supraliminal priming (HOW a stimulus influenced some response) What did Nisbett & Wilson's nylon stockings study suggest about the role of awarenessin our judgements? - ANSWER -Ps viewed 4 identical pairs of nylon stockings
-Which is the best quality? Why? -Right-most pair of stockings heavily chosen (4x more) -Why did you choose that pair?o"I don't know..." (Followed by some plausible reason) o None mentioned "right side"o When experimenter explained results, none believed it was possible
How did P's in Johansson et al's picture task tend to react when given a picture of theperson they had not indicated as being physically attractive? - ANSWER -only 10% noticed a switch -reasoning behind choosing was always a physical attribute -"I like her because she hasdark hair" (original choice was a blonde)
How does the cocktail party effect illustrate intentionality? -unintentionally pick up on parts of other conversations around us, especially when ANSWER we will something being said is very familiar to us (our name) What is a spontaneous trait inference? -a trait after exposure to someone's behavior ANSWER an effortless, automatic inference of
"Bob carried the old woman's groceries across the busy street" Was this word in the sentence? -clumsy -groceries -helpful(slower to say "no" to "helpful" because it's implied by the behavior)
How can the presence of cognitive load illustrate if something is efficient? -the process still occurs effortlessly even under cognitive load then it is efficient ANSWER if
Do all "4 horsemen" need to be present for a process to be automatic? -(e.g. driving is semi-efficient and even unconscious, but it requires intent) ANSWER NO -
theaters) the lab? -impoverished environments (controlled setting, no distractions, multiple trials) ANSWER subliminal influences mostly on simple behaviors in
IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT ATTITUDES - ANSWER What are 2 problems with self-report measures? -introspective access to operate their own mental processes ANSWER UNABLE: people may lack
UNWILLING: people may be motivated to answer in particular way What are 2 reasons a person might be motivated to respond in a specific way onself-reports? - ANSWER -self-deception -socially desirable responses What are the 3 classes of implicit measures discussed in class? -1)PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES ANSWER -e.g. thematic apperception task (TAT): code stories and look for common themes thatpeople made up about an ambiguous image
2)PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES-facial EMG -pupil dilation 3)RESPONSE-TIME MEASURES -IAT What can pupil dilation and skin conductance assess? - ANSWER arousal What does facial EMG assess and how? - ANSWER muscle movements
zygomaticus major --> smile --> positivity corrugator supercilii --> frown --> negativity What is the general logic underlying the IAT? -associated in memory, it's easy to give the same response for words & images ANSWER -when two concepts are representing those concepts -when two concepts are not associated, it's difficult to give the same response for words& images representing those concepts
ease of giving same response = strength of association What are strengths and a major weakness of the IAT? - ANSWER STRENGTHS: -easy/inexpensive -flexible-applicable in many areas within psychology and beyond
WEAKNESS:-only assesses relative associative strength - can't assess associations with a single entity In what ways are implicit measures automatic? In what ways are they not automatic?Think of Bargh's 4 horsemen. - ANSWER AUTOMATIC: -unintentional (intention is always something other than evaluating object) -efficient (time pressure requires fast responding) NOT:
when either motivation or opportunity is LOW, implicit attitudes guide behavior How does the alcohol and candy study illustrate predictions of the MODE model? -ANSWER P's under the influence and having a (+) implicit attitude ate more candy
P's not under influence, no relationship between implicit attitude and candyconsumption
when not under influence, those with (-) explicit attitudes towards junk food ate lesscandy
What types of behavior do implicit attitudes predict? How is this illustrated in Dovidio'sinterracial interactions study? - ANSWER implicit --> spontaneous behaviors (nonverbal) explicit --> deliberate behaviors (verbal) -White Ps provide implicit & explicit racial attitudes -Interaction w/ Black confederate(secretly videotaped) RESULTS: Their behaviors were coded for "friendliness" by another group of researchers by twoways: (1) only listening to the audio/verbal and (2) only looking at the video/nonverbal
It was found that verbal/nonverbal behaviors were predicted by their implicit andexplicit attitudes
Implicit → predicted nonverbal friendliness behaviors (r = 0.41) Explicit → predicted verbal friendliness behaviors (r = 0.40)
What did Galdi et al.'s study of the effect of implicit and explicit attitudes on futuredecision-making among decided and undecided voters show? - ANSWER RESULTS: -decided: explicit positivity swayed vote (your vote lines up with what you consciouslythink you feel) -undecided: implicit positivity swayed vote (you base your voting choice on immediateaffective associations)
What do contemporary and social cognition researchers believe about the stability andmalleability of implicit attitudes? - ANSWER implicit attitudes originally thought to reflect stable associations that are more difficult to change than explicit attitudes, butthis is not so
why? context changes extent to which positive vs. negative associations are activated What do varying exemplars and backgrounds suggest about the contextual malleabilityof implicit attitudes? - ANSWER exemplar activation: -racial bias goes down when pictures of well-liked black people vs. well-disliked whitepeople are shown
background context: -racial bias goes down when black person is staged in a church vs. a graffiti wall alley What strategy for changing implicit attitudes is suggested by work investigatingcognitive re-training? - ANSWER -White Ps saw faces of Blacks & Whites paired w/ stereotypic or counter-stereotypic traits -Negation: press key to say "NO" to each stereotypic pair -Affirmation: press key to say "YES" to each counter-stereotypic pair RESULTS: -Negation training led to increased pro-white bias, Affirmation training led to reduced
What are 3 determinants of attention discussed in class? -FEATURES: stimuli that require immediate behavioral response/have implications for ANSWER STIMULUS survival FEATURES OF SURROUNDING CONTEXT PERCEIVER-BASED CHARACTERISTICS What sort of stimuli are more likely to command our attention? -appear suddenly/moving toward self ANSWER -stimuli that -negative stimuli -dangerous/threatening stimuli In the attention capture study by Trawalter et al, when were black faces more likely tocapture the attention of white P's? Why did the researchers suggest this was the case? - ANSWER -more likely to see black faces when the black person was looking directly atthem -they felt that this was intimidating and black people are stereotyped into being moreviolent -Not when threat signal is weakened
What are 2 ways in which a stimulus can be distinctive? -group of women) ANSWER solos (one man in
deviation from the norm in that situation (prof wearing swimsuit to class) Why are we more attentive to behavior that is inconsistent with our schemas? How isthis illustrated by Hastie & Kumar's study in which P's learned about an intelligent person and their neutral, consistent, or inconsistent behaviors? -required for schema-inconsistent behaviors - attention directed to explaining it away ANSWER explanation
results: -case of inconsistent behavior was remembered most (compared to neutral orconsistent behavior)
What is the spotlight effect? How did the Barry Manilow t-shirt study illustrate it? -ANSWER spotlight effect: -the belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior thanthey really are
results: P's predicted that 50% of people would notice; in reality it was only 20% What did the study investigating affect-eliciting stimuli among Jewish P's illustrate? -ANSWER -when nothing was in the circle they noticed surrounding objects most -when distractor, less items remembered -when symbol was culturally relevant, even less noticed surroundings -when threatening object, remembered the least amount of items In DeWall et al's study in which P's took a personality test and subsequently learnedabout their future, what sort of feedback led P's to attend more to smiling (but not sad or angry) faces? -notice smiling faces ANSWER those in "future alone" group took shortest amount of time to
In the assigned reading by Maner et al., how did early-stage attentional processesfunction among those in committed relationships (vs. single P's) following a mating prime? -faces longer those in relationships ANSWER -when primed with mating words, single P's attended to attractive
INTERPRETATION & FIRST IMPRESSIONS - ANSWER What is naive realism? - ANSWER we think our interpretations of the world accurately
-Sociable? - 56% vs. 27% -Humorous? - 52% vs. 21% What is the halo effect? -others ANSWER halo effect: if positive on one dimension, positive on
"what's beautiful is good" - attractive people judged to be more friendly, reliable,morally better, etc.
What are 2 types of cognitive influences on our interpretations? - ANSWER PRIMING -temporary & chronic accessibility EXPECTANCIES & STEREOTYPES Do biases associating black men with guns extend to young black boys? What follow-upwork has been conducted on this finding, and what were the results? - ANSWER YES - effects about the same for young black boys FOLLOW-UP WORK:-non-white P's display same racial biases (to equal extent) -black P's display same racial biases (to lesser extent) -racial biases extend to women & young girls (to lesser extent) What did Epley & Whitchurch's study in which P's judged photos of themselves morphedwith more and less attractive faces illustrate about motivational influences on interpretation? - ANSWER -Part 1: P's had photo taken at end of unrelated experiment -Part 2: self-recognition test -Results: on average, recognized themselves as the 20% more attractive photo
In Ambady & Rosenthal's study in which they recorded 30 seconds of graduateinstructors teaching, how did ratings of those instructors based on the 30 second clips compare to end-of-semester ratings? -end-of-semester evaluations of instructors ANSWER -Correlated ratings w/actual students' -Results: r =. In Willis & Todorov's study in which P's rated neutral faces, what did they discover abouthow long a face needed to be presented for moderate consensus to emerge? - ANSWER Results: all correlations higher than. -For all traits & all exposure times -Correlations didn't increase w/longer exposure time-More time = P's thought they were more accurate w/judgments
In Todorov et al's study of rating of political candidates' faces, what facial trait bestpredicted winning elections? - ANSWER COMPETENT won 70% of elections
In Rule & Ambady's study of rating CEO's faces, what facial trait was most stronglycorrelated with company profits? - ANSWER competence --> company profits (r = .34)
trustworthiness --/--> company profits (r = -0.05) In the assigned reading by Wilson & Rule with faces of convicted murderers (and thosefalsely accused), what was the relationship between trustworthiness and sentencing? - ANSWER untrustworthiness ratings predicted death sentences, even after controllingfor many other variables
In Rule et al's study of the faces of gay and straight men, how briefly could faces bedisplayed before P's responded at chance levels? What feature was the best predictor of accuracy? - ANSWER -Self-paced: 62% -10,000ms: 60% -6,500ms: 58%-100ms: 62%
