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PSIO |! 201 |! Exam |! 4 |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! answers
sensory |! function |! (afferent |! neurons) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔information |! goes |! to |! the |! brain |! and |! spinal |! cord |! via |! cranial |! and |! spinal |! nerves integrative |! function |! (interneurons) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔integrates |! sensory |! information |! by |! analyzing |! and |! storing |! it motor |! function |! (efferent |! neurons) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔information |! from |! the |! brain |! and |! spinal |! cord |! is |! sent |! out |! to |! muscles |! or |! glands |! (effectors) brain |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-control |! center |! of |! the |! human |! body -center |! of |! intelligence, |! behavior, |! memory |! and |! emotion -coordinates |! activity |! of |! skeletal |! muscles -influences |! activity |! of |! visceral |! organs |! and |! glands right |! cerebral |! hemisphere |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔music, |! face |! recognition, |! visual |! imagery, |! spatial |! abilities left |! cerebral |! hemisphere |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔language, |! logic, |! reason
frontal |! lobe |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reasoning, |! planning, |! part |! of |! speech |! and |! movement, |! emotions, |! problem |! solving parietal |! lobe |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔perception |! of |! stimuli |! related |! to |! touch, |! pressure, |! temperature, |! pain temporal |! lobe |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔perception |! and |! recognition |! of |! auditory |! stimuli |! and |! memory occipital |! lobe |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔many |! aspects |! of |! vision insula |! lobe |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔integrates |! autonomic |! information, |! associated |! to |! visceral |! function meninges |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-connective |! tissue |! coverings |! that |! surround |! the |! brain |! and |! spinal |! cord functions: -protect |! underlying |! neural |! tissues -anchor |! the |! brain |! in |! cranial |! cavity |! and |! spinal |! cord |! in |! vertebral |! cavity dura |! mater |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-most |! superficial |! layer --outer |! layer |! fuses |! with |! periosteum |! of |! skull --inner |! layer |! folds |! into |! parts |! of |! cranial |! cavity
function: |! voluntary |! activation |! of |! skeletal |! muscles premotor |! area |! (motor |! association |! area) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! anterior |! to |! primary |! motor |! area |! in |! the |! frontal |! lobe function: |! communicates |! with |! primary |! motor |! area |! and |! thalamus |! to |! coordinate |! complex |! leaned |! movements primary |! somatosensory |! area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! post |! central |! gyrus |! in |! parietal |! lobe function: |! receives |! sensory |! impulses |! from |! sensory |! receptors |! responding |! to |! touch, |! temperature |! and |! proprioception primary |! visual |! area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! medial |! portion |! of |! occipital |! lobe function: |! nervous |! signals |! traveling |! along |! the |! optic |! nerve |! provide |! information |! about |! color, |! shape, |! and |! movement |! of |! visual |! stimuli visual |! association |! area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! occipital |! lobe, |! anterior |! to |! the |! primary |! visual |! area function: |! receives |! sensory |! impulses |! from |! the |! primary |! visual |! area |! for |! recognition |! of |! visual |! stimuli |! (visual |! memory)
primary |! auditory |! area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! superior |! portion |! of |! temporal |! lobe function: |! receives |! impulses |! arising |! from |! the |! vestibulocochlear |! nerve |! which |! provide |! information |! on |! the |! basic |! characteristics |! of |! sound |! (pitch, |! rhythm, |! loudness) auditory |! association |! area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! temporal |! lobe, |! inferior |! and |! posterior |! to |! the |! primary |! auditory |! area; |! typically |! found |! on |! left |! temporal |! lobe |! only function: |! interpretation |! and |! recognition |! of |! sound; |! determines |! if |! sound |! is |! speech, |! music |! or |! noise Wernike's |! Area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! temporal |! lobe, |! posterior |! to |! primary |! auditory |! area |! on |! left |! lobe function: |! interprets |! the |! meaning |! of |! speech |! (translates |! words |! into |! thoughts) Broca's |! Area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location: |! frontal |! lobe |! - |! usually |! left |! side function: |! controls |! the |! activity |! of |! muscles |! of |! the |! vocal |! cords |! to |! facilitate |! speech
commissural |! tracts |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔conduct |! nerve |! impulses |! between |! corresponding |! gyri |! from |! one |! hemisphere |! to |! another projection |! tracts |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔convey |! impulses |! to |! lower |! parts |! of |! the |! CNS |! or |! visa |! versa corpus |! callosum |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔important |! commissural |! tract thick |! band |! of |! axons |! that |! connects |! corresponding |! areas |! of |! the |! two |! hemispheres left |! hemisphere |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reasoning |! numerical |! and |! scientific |! skills, |! spoken |! and |! written |! language, |! and |! the |! ability |! to |! use |! and |! understand |! sign |! language right |! hemisphere |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔musical |! and |! artistic |! awareness, |! spatial |! and |! pattern |! perception, |! recognition |! of |! faces |! and |! emotional |! content |! of |! language, |! discrimination |! of |! different |! smells, |! and |! generating |! mental |! images |! of |! sight, |! sound, |! touch, |! and |! taste dendrites |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔collect |! information cell |! body |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔process |! information axon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔propagate |! information |! to |! output |! site
synapses |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔transmit |! information |! to |! other |! parts |! of |! the |! nervous |! system nucleus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cluster |! of |! neuronal |! cell |! bodies |! in |! the |! CNS ganglion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cluster |! of |! neuronal |! cell |! bodies |! in |! the |! PNS tract |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bundle |! of |! axons |! in |! the |! CNS nerve |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bundle |! of |! axons |! in |! the |! PNS diencephalon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus thalamus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-relay |! station |! for |! sensory |! and |! motor |! information -crude |! interpretation |! of |! touch, |! temperature, |! pain, |! pressure -forms |! walls |! of |! 3rd |! ventricle -organized |! into |! 7 |! groups |! of |! nuclei hypothalamus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔located |! inferior |! to |! the |! thalamus
-receives |! input |! from |! visual |! and |! equilibrium |! receptors |! and |! sends |! input |! to |! motor |! cortex |! to |! aid |! in |! regulation |! of |! posture |! and |! balance brain |! stem |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔midbrain pons medulla |! oblongata pons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-bridge |! between |! the |! medulla |! oblongata, |! cerebellum |! and |! higher |! brain |! centers |! in |! the |! cerebral |! cortex -pontine |! nuclei |! - |! gray |! matter |! centers |! connecting |! the |! cerebral |! cortex |! and |! cerebellum |! (coordinate |! voluntary |! motor |! output) two |! centers |! for |! respiratory |! control: -apneustic |! area -pheumotaxic |! area apneustic |! area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔controls |! depth |! of |! breathing pneumotaxic |! area |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔controls |! rate |! of |! breathing medulla |! oblongata |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-connects |! brain |! to |! the |! spinal |! cord -involves |! all |! nerve |! tracts |! that |! ascend |! to |! or |! descend |! from |! the |! brain; |! axons |! cross |! over |! from |! one |! side |! to |! the |! other |! of |! the |! brain |! stem -contains |! the |! cardiovascular |! center |! (control |! of |! heart |! rate |! and |! force, |! blood |! pressure)
-control |! of |! respiratory |! rhythmicity -control |! of |! vegetative |! functions: |! swallowing, |! coughing, |! sneezing, |! vomiting midbrain |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-located |! between |! the |! pons |! and |! the |! diencephalon -contains |! nuclei |! and |! tracts superior |! colliculi |! and |! inferiior |! colliculi superior |! colliculi |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reflexes |! for |! certain |! visual |! activities |! and |! movements |! of |! the |! head |! and |! trunk |! in |! response |! to |! visual |! stimuli inferior |! colliculi |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔part |! of |! the |! auditory |! pathway |! and |! startle |! reflex substantia |! nigra |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔darkly |! pigmented |! nuclei |! that |! release |! dopamine |! help |! control |! subconscious |! muscle |! activities red |! nucleus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔helps |! control |! voluntary |! movements |! of |! the |! limbs limbic |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔encircles |! the |! upper |! part |! of |! the |! brain |! stem |! and |! the |! corpus |! callosum |! inner |! border |! of |! the |! cerebrum |! and |! floor |! of |! the |! diencephalon
posterior |! columns |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sensory |! tracts |! (ascending) lateral |! columns |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔motor |! and |! sensory |! tracts anterior |! columns |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔motor |! tracts |! (descending) anterior |! white |! commisure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔connects |! white |! matter |! on |! the |! left |! and |! right |! side |! of |! SC dorsal |! root |! of |! spinal |! nerve |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carries |! afferent |! (sensory) |! information dorsal |! root |! ganglion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cluster |! of |! (sensory) |! cell |! bodies |! outside |! of |! the |! CNS ventral |! root |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carries |! motor |! (efferent) |! information |! from |! the |! anterior |! portion |! of |! the |! cord spinal |! nerves |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔joining |! of |! dorsal |! and |! ventral |! roots; |! only |! ~2 |! cm |! long; |! are |! mixed |! nerves |! in |! that |! they |! contain |! both |! sensory |! and |! motor |! information. |! 31 |! pairs |! of |! spinal |! nerves |! exit |! the |! cord reflex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! rapid |! automatic |! response |! to |! a |! stimulus reflex |! arc |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! 'wiring' |! of |! a |! particular |! reflex
innate |! reflex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inborn learned |! reflex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reflex |! acquired |! through |! experience stretch |! reflex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-purpose |! is |! to |! prevent |! injury |! from |! overstretching |! a |! muscle -results |! in |! contraction |! of |! the |! muscle |! that |! was |! stretched -stretch |! sensed |! by |! muscle |! spindle -monosynaptic, |! ipsilateral, |! spinal, |! somatic |! reflex stretch |! reflex |! arc |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-stretching |! stimulates |! sensory |! receptor -sensory |! neuron |! excited -within |! integrating |! center |! sensory |! neuron |! activates |! motor |! neuron -motor |! neuron |! excited -effector |! contracts |! and |! relieves |! the |! stretching tendon |! reflex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-purpose |! is |! to |! prevent |! damage |! from |! development |! of |! too |! much |! tension |! in |! a |! muscle -result |! is |! inhibition |! of |! the |! muscle |! that |! is |! contracting -polysynaptic, |! ipsilateral, |! spinal, |! somatic |! reflex tendon |! reflex |! arc |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-increased |! tension |! stimulates |! sensory |! receptor
crossed |! extensor |! reflex |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-stepping |! on |! a |! tack |! stimulates |! sensory |! receptor |! in |! right |! foot -sensory |! neuron |! excited -within |! integrating |! center, |! sensory |! neuron |! activates |! several |! interneurons -motor |! neurons |! excited -effectors |! contract |! and |! extend |! left |! leg autonomic |! nervous |! system |! (ANS) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-operates |! without |! conscious |! control -operates |! via |! reflex |! arcs -is |! controlled |! by |! centers |! in |! the |! hypothalamus |! and |! brain |! stem ANS |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔effectors |! - |! cardiac |! muscle, |! smooth |! muscle, |! and |! glands control |! - |! involuntary |! (self |! governing) output |! - |! 2 |! efferent |! neurons |! exit |! CNS Somatic |! System |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔effectors |! - |! skeletal |! muscle muscle |! - |! voluntary
output |! - |! 1 |! efferent |! neuron |! exits |! CNS sympathetic |! division |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-fight |! or |! flight -prepares |! body |! for |! stress parasympathetic |! division |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-rest |! and |! digest -promotes |! digestion |! and |! storage |! of |! nutrients thoracolumbar |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔preganglionic |! neurons |! begin |! in |! the |! thoracic |! and |! lumbar |! regions |! of |! spinal |! cord sympathetic |! trunk |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔paired |! ganglia |! near |! spinal |! cord, |! postganglionic |! neuron |! innervates |! visceral |! organs |! in |! thoracic |! cavity 3 |! cervical 11 |! thoracic 4 |! lumbar 4 |! sacral prevertebral |! ganglia |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔anterior |! to |! vertebral |! bodies, |! postganglionic |! neurons |! innervate |! abdominopelvic |! organs celiac superior |! mesenteric
norepinephrine |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔neurotransmitter |! - |! when |! it |! is |! released |! from |! sympathetic |! nerve |! endings |! directly |! at |! target |! tissues |! (short |! lived |! effects) hormone |! - |! when |! it |! it |! released |! from |! the |! adrenal |! gland |! into |! the |! blood |! stream |! (longer |! lasting |! effects) epinephrine |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔it |! is |! released |! from |! the |! adrenal |! gland |! into |! the |! blood adrenergic |! receptors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bind |! epinephrine |! and |! norepinephrine |! at |! effector |! tissues alpha |! adrenergic |! receptors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔found |! in |! smooth |! muscles |! of |! arterioles |! and |! bladder results |! in |! constriction |! when |! activated beta |! adrenergic |! receptors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔found |! in |! heart, |! bronchioles, |! liver causes |! an |! increase |! in |! metabolism fight |! or |! flight |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔increase |! mental |! alertness, |! increase |! energy |! availability |! (glucose), |! and |! body's |! ability |! to |! handle |! a |! stressor
SNS |! responses |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-mobilize |! fuels -redistribution |! of |! blood |! flow -decrease |! urinary |! output |! and |! digestive |! functions -increase |! heart |! rate |! and |! blood |! pressure -increase |! activity |! of |! sweat |! glands -increase |! diameter |! of |! bronchioles dilation |! of |! pupils oculomotor |! (III) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mixed |! cranial |! nerve |! responsible |! for |! eye |! ball |! movement |! stimulates |! the |! lacrimal |! gland facial |! (VII) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mixed |! cranial |! nerve |! stimulates |! salivation glossopharyngeal |! (IX) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mixed |! cranial |! nerve |! involved |! in |! swallowing |! and |! salivation vagus |! (X) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mixed |! cranial |! nerve; |! carries |! 80% |! of |! parasympathetic |! outflow |! to |! heart, |! airwayys, |! liver, |! gallbladder, |! stomach, |! small |! intestine |! and |! part |! of |! large |! intestine cranial |! portion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-preganglionic |! neurons |! found |! in |! pons |! or |! medulla -information |! carried |! by |! 4 |! cranial |! nerves: |! III, |! VII, |! IX, |! X -80% |! of |! PSNS |! information |! carried |! by |! vagus
