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PSIO |! 201 |! FINAL |! EXAM |! WITH |!
ACCURATE |! ANSWERS
Anatomy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔study |! of |! body |! structures Physiology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔study |! of |! body |! functions Characteristics |! of |! Living |! Systems |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Metabolism |! (Catabolism, |! Anabolism), |! Responsiveness, |! Movement, |! Growth |! & |! Differentiation, |! Reproduction Metabolism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sum |! of |! all |! chemical |! processes |! that |! occur |! in |! the |! body Catabolism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔breakdown |! of |! large |! molecules |! into |! small |! ones Anabolism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔construction |! of |! larger |! molecules |! into |! small |! ones Responsiveness |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ability |! to |! respond |! to |! change |! in |! the |! internal |! and |! external |! environment
Movement |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔at |! any |! structural |! level: |! the |! body, |! an |! organ, |! a |! cell, |! or |! cell |! component Growth |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔increase |! in |! # |! or |! size |! of |! cells |! or |! the |! material |! found |! between |! cells Differentiation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔specialization |! of |! cells |! for |! a |! specific |! function Reproduction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔formation |! of |! new |! cells |! and |! the |! formation |! of |! new |! individuals Levels |! of |! Structural |! Organization |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔(smallest |! to |! largest) Chemical, |! Cellular, |! Tissue, |! Organ, |! Organ |! System, |! Organism Chemical |! Level |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Atomic |! and |! molecular |! level Cellular |! Level |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔smallest |! living |! unit |! in |! the |! body Tissue |! Level |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔group |! of |! cells |! and |! the |! materials |! surrounding |! them |! that |! work |! together |! on |! one |! task Organ |! Level |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Grouping |! of |! 2 |! or |! more |! tissue |! types |! into |! a |! recognizable |! structure |! with |! specific |! function
Steady-State |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔"constant" |! state |! maintained |! through |! time Equilibrium |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! constant |! state |! achieved |! without |! energy |! expenditure
- |! equilibrium |! is |! a |! special |! case |! of |! steady-state Physiological |! Limits |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Living |! systems |! exist |! within |! limits |! of |! heat, |! moisture, |! pressure, |! chemical |! composition, |! etc. Chemical |! Level |! of |! Organization |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Simplest |! (most |! basic) |! level |! of |! biological |! organization Concept |! of |! atomic |! charge |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Protons |! are |! positive |!
- |! Electrons |! are |! negative Ions |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Particles |! with |! a |! net |! charge Element |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔substance |! that |! cannot |! be |! split |! into |! simpler |! substances |! by |! ordinary |! chemical |! means Molecule |! (compound) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔assemblage |! of |! atoms |! (same |! or |! different) |! held |! together |! by |! chemical |! bonds
Chemical |! bonds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! attach |! adjacent |! atoms
- |! has |! 2 |! conceptual |! ways: |! covalent |! and |! ionic |! bond Covalent |! Bonds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Share |! of |! electrons
- |! Stability |! of |! atoms |! is |! influenced |! by |! the |! # |! of |! electrons |! in |! the |! outermost |! orbits Non-polar |! Covalent |! Bonds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Equal |! sharing |! of |! electrons Polar |! Covalent |! Bonds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Unequal |! sharing |! of |! electrons Ionic |! Bonds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Use |! of |! attractive |! force |! of |! electrical |! charge
- |! Sometimes |! one |! atom |! donates |! one |! or |! more |! electrons |! to |! another |! atom Cation |! (+) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Atom |! that |! donates |! (loses) |! electrons |! then |! becomes |! positively |! charged Anion |! (-) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Atom |! that |! accepts |! (gains) |! the |! electrons |! becomes |! negatively |! charged Hydrogen |! Bonds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! weakest |! kind |! of |! bond
- |! the |! 'poles' |! of |! polar |! covalent |! bonds |! have |! partial |! electrical |! charges
- |! the |! + |! and |! - |! can |! attract |! the |! poles |! within |! other |! 'polar' |! compounds
Aqueous |! Solution |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! the |! solvent |! is |! water Molecules |! with |! polar |! or |! ionic |! bonds |! can |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔interact |! with |! water |! molecules Concept |! of |! Concentration |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Amount |! of |! concentration |! (moles) |! / |! Unit |! of |! volume |! (liter) pH |! of |! body |! fluids |! is |! maintained |! within |! narrow |! ranges |! through |! the |! influence |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Buffer |! Systems Buffers |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔donate |! or |! pick |! up |! H+ |! ions, |! keeping |! the |! total |! [H+] |! relatively |! constant Organic |! Compounds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Always |! contain |! carbon Lipid |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! contains |! C |! and |! H
- |! Ex: |! Triglycerides, |! cholesterol
- |! principal |! membrane |! lipid |! is |! a |! phospholipid Carbohydrate |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! contains |! C, |! H, |! and |! O
- |! Ex: |! glucose, |! fructose Protein |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! contains |! C, |! H, |! O, |! and |! N
- |! Ex: |! amino |! acids, |! peptide |! bonds Nucleic |! Acid |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! contains |! C, |! H, |! O, |! N, |! and |! P
- |! Ex: |! DNA, |! RNA
- |! contains |! the |! informational |! code |! for |! approx. |! 30,000 |! proteins
- |! are |! sequences |! (strands |! or |! polymers) |! of |! nucleotides Cell |! Theory |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! cells |! are |! the |! 'building |! blocks' |! of |! animals |! and |! plants |! and |! arise |! from |! pre-existing |! cells
- |! smallest |! living |! unit |! having |! all |! the |! functions |! of |! living |! systems A |! cell |! includes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! Plasma |! Membrane
- |! Nucleus
- |! Cytoplasm Plasma |! Membrane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Interaction |! surface |! between |! a |! cell |! and |! the |! world |! outside |! of |! it |! (aka |! cell |! membrane, |! plasmalemma) Nucleus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Contains |! the |! genetic |! material |! of |! the |! cell |! (nucleic |! acid) Cytoplasm |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Everything |! between |! the |! membrane |! and |! nucleus |! such |! as |! ICF |! (cytosol) |! and |! sub-cellular |! structures |! with |! specific |! functions |! (organelles)
Passive |! Transport |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Substances |! move |! down |! their |! concentration |! gradient |! (high |! to |! low) |! without |! energy |! input |! from |! the |! cell Active |! Transport |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Substances |! move |! against |! their |! concentration |! gradient |! (low |! to |! high) |! using |! energy |! from |! the |! cell |! (ATP) Net |! diffusion |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔proportional |! to |! concentration |! gradient Diffusion |! occurs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔rapidly |! over |! short |! (cellular) |! distances; |! but |! slowly |! over |! long |! (organismic) |! distances Different |! Passive |! Transport |! across |! the |! membrane |! include |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Simple |! diffusion, |! Osmosis, |! Channel |! Mediated |! Facilitated |! Diffusion, |! Carrier |! Mediated |! Facilitated |! Diffusion Simple |! Diffusion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Of |! hydrophobic |! substances |! like |! gasses |! (O2, |! CO2), |! fatty |! acids, |! steroid |! hormones, |! and |! fat |! soluble |! vitamins |! (A, |! D, |! E, |! K) Osmosis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Of |! water |! through |! channels |! called |! Aquaporins Channel |! mediated |! facilitated |! diffusion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Of |! ions |! like |! K+, |! Na+, |! Ca |! 2+, |! and |! Cl-
Carrier |! mediated |! facilitated |! diffusion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Of |! glucose, |! fructose, |! galactose, |! and |! some |! vitamins Hydrophobic |! solutes |! permeate |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔more |! rapidly |! than |! hydrophilic |! solutes Passive |! Flow |! of |! Water |! Across |! Membranes |! includes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Osmosis: |! net |! flow |! of |! water |! in |! response |! to |! a |! gradient |! in |! the |! chemical |! activity |! of |! water There |! are |! 2 |! different |! categories |! of |! carriers |! within |! Carrier-Mediated |! Transport. |! They |! are |! called: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Facilitated |! Diffusion
- |! Active |! Transport Facilitated |! Diffusion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cannot |! catalyze |! net |! flux |! against |! electrochemical |! gradient Active |! Transport |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Develop |! and |! maintain |! transmembrane |! solute |! gradient |! and |! requires |! an |! energy |! source Active |! Transport |! across |! the |! membrane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Primary |! Active |! Transport, |! Secondary |! Active |! Transport, |! Bulk |! Transport Primary |! Active |! Transport |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Uses |! ATP
Membranous |! organelles |! include |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mitochondria, |! ER, |! Golgi |! Complex, |! "Nucleus" Non-membranous |! organelles |! include |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cytoskeleton, |! Ribosomes, |! Proteasomes Cytoskeleton |! consists |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Microfilaments, |! intermediate |! filaments, |! and |! microtubules Microfilaments |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! consists |! of |! strands |! of |! proteins |! (actin)
- |! Connect |! organelles |! to |! membranes |!
- |! Influence |! cell |! motility |! and |! shape Intermediate |! Filaments |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! consists |! of |! keratins
- |! structural |! stability |! (strength) Microtubules |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! consists |! of |! tubulin
- |! influence |! cell |! structure |! and |! shape
- |! motility |! for |! organelle |! movement |! and |! cilia/flagella Mitochondria |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Are |! the |! major |! site |! of |! cell |! energy |! metabolism
Oxidative |! ATP |! production |! occurs |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cytoplasm |! (through |! glycolysis) |! & |! Mitochondria |! (through |! oxidative |! phosphorylation) Oxidative |! Phosphorylation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Enzymatically-controlled |! 'breaking |! of |! bonds'
- |! consumes |! O
- |! produces |! CO
- |! efficient |! production |! of |! ATP Endoplasmic |! Reticulum |! (ER) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Is |! a |! 'membranous |! network' |! that |! consists |! of |! lipid |! and |! protein |! synthesis, |! storage |! of |! protein |! and |! Ca2+, |! transport |! within |! the |! cell, |! and |! detoxification The |! 2 |! structural |! functional |! categories |! of |! the |! ER |! include |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Rough |! ER |! and |! Smooth |! ER Rough |! Endoplasmic |! Reticulum |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Functions |! protein |! synthesis |! and |! storage |! of |! proteins Smooth |! Endoplasmic |! Reticulum |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Functions |! lipid |! synthesis |! and |! storage |! of |! Ca2+ Golgi |! Apparatus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Site |! of |! packaging |! and |! processing |! of |! protein |! products |! for |! secretion
Complementary |! pairing |! of |! nucleotides |! ensures |! that |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔each |! 'strand' |! permits |! regeneration |! of |! the |! other |! when |! they |! are |! separated |! for |! copying To |! make |! a |! copy |! of |! a |! DNA |! duplex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cells |! pull |! the |! strands |! apart |! and |! match |! complementary |! bases |! to |! make |! new |! strands Information |! in |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! "double |! helix" |! of |! DNA |! contains |! 2 |! complementary |! strands, |! each |! of |! which |! contains: |! information |! encoded |! in |! the |! other |! strand |! & |! information |! concerning |! protein |! structure Codon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔'triplet' |! of |! 3 |! bases |! that |! represents |! one |! of |! 20 |! different |! amino |! acids Ex: |! ATG-AGC-CAT A |! series |! of |! bases |! represents |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! primary |! protein |! sequence Gene |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! sequence |! (series |! of |! codons) |! that |! represents |! (encodes) |! a |! single |! polypeptide |! (protein) Protein |! synthesis |! includes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Transcription |! & |! Translation Chromatin |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! typical |! condition |! of |! DNA
Chromosome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! when |! cell |! is |! dividing |!
- |! condensed Transcription |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Synthesis |! from |! RNA |! to |! DNA. |! Synthesis |! of |! a |! complementary |! strand |! of |! RNA |! using |! the |! base |! sequence |! of |! DNA |! as |! a |! template. |!
- |! "copying |! something |! over |! to |! another"
- |! occurs |! in |! nucleus Translation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! Synthesis |! of |! protein |! from |! RNA. |! Synthesis |! of |! protein |! using |! the |! base |! sequence |! of |! RNA |! as |! a |! template.
- |! "nucleic |! language |! to |! protein |! language"
- |! occurs |! in |! cytoplasm
- |! involves |! mRNA, |! rRNA, |! tRNA
- |! produces |! protein Promoter |! Regulation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mechanism |! for |! regulation |! of |! gene |! expression Promoter |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA |! sequence |! "upstream" |! to |! the |! start |! of |! a |! gene |! to |! which |! RNA |! polymerase |! binds Transcription |! Factors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Proteins |! that |! bind |! to |! the |! promoter |! to |! augment |! binding |! of |! RNA |! polymerase
Which |! of |! the |! following |! processes |! refers |! to |! movement |! of |! ions |! across |! the |! plasma |! membrane |! down |! their |! concentration |! gradient? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Channel |! Mediated |! Facilitated |! Diffusion The |! Na/K |! pump |! uses |! ATP |! to |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pump |! Na |! out |! of |! the |! cell |! and |! K |! into |! the |! cell If |! you |! inhibit |! the |! action |! of |! the |! Na/K |! pump |! using |! a |! drug, |! you |! see |! an |! increase |! in |! ______ |! inside |! the |! cell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Na |! concentration Which |! of |! the |! following |! structures |! contain |! a |! core |! of |! microfilaments? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Microvilli Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! a |! function |! of |! the |! smooth |! ER? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Lipid |! Synthesis Which |! of |! the |! following |! nitrogenous |! bases |! is |! NOT |! found |! in |! RNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Thymine For |! the |! DNA |! sequence |! ATG, |! what |! is |! the |! correct |! complementary |! sequence |! in |! mRNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔UAC Following |! is |! a |! list |! of |! the |! levels |! of |! biological |! organization |! that |! make |! up |! a |! complex |! living |! system |! including |! humans: |!
- |! Tissue
- |! Cell
- |! Organ
- |! Molecule
- |! Organism
- |! Organ |! System. |! The |! correct |! order, |! from |! the |! simplest |! to |! the |! most |! complex |! would |! be: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔4, |! 2, |! 1, |! 3, |! 6, |! 5 Each |! of |! the |! following |! is |! an |! example |! of |! - |! feedback |! except |! one. |! Identify |! the |! exception. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! rise |! in |! estrogen |! during |! the |! menstrual |! cycle |! causes |! an |! increase |! in |! the |! # |! of |! progesterone |! receptors |! in |! the |! uterus Enzymes A. |! are |! proteins B. |! Function |! as |! biological |! catalysts C. |! Accelerate |! the |! rate |! of |! a |! chemical |! reaction |! by |! lowering |! the |! activation |! energy |! required |! for |! that |! reaction D. |! All |! of |! the |! above |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔All |! of |! the |! above The |! molecular |! weight |! of |! glucose |! is |! 180. |! If |! 360 |! grams |! of |! glucose |! are |! dissolved |! in |! 2 |! liters |! of |! water, |! the |! molar |! concentration |! of |! the |! resulting |! solution |! would |! be: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 1 |! molar
