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PSY 2000 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
MIDTERM EXAM PRACTICE TEST 2
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS RATIONALES
2025 GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
- Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Preoperational, Sensorimotor, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational b. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational b. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs in stages, starting from Sensorimotor in infancy to Formal Operational in adolescence.
- Erikson’s stage of "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" typically occurs at what age? a. Birth to 1 year b. 1 to 3 years c. 3 to 5 years d. 6 to 12 years This stage involves toddlers learning to do things independently, leading to autonomy if successful or shame if not.
- According to Vygotsky, what plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition? a. Maturation b. Genetics c. Social interaction d. Reinforcement Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interaction and culture in shaping cognitive development.
- The process by which unused neural connections are eliminated is called: a. Myelination b. Neurogenesis c. Synaptic pruning d. Plasticity
Teratogens are environmental substances that can cause harm during prenatal development.
- Which of the following behaviors best illustrates secure attachment in a toddler? a. Ignores caregiver after separation b. Seeks comfort from caregiver upon reunion c. Avoids interaction with caregiver d. Shows extreme distress when left alone Securely attached children are comforted by the caregiver's return and seek proximity.
- Object permanence is the understanding that: a. Objects are permanent regardless of location b. Objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen c. Objects change over time d. Objects belong to specific categories Object permanence develops during the sensorimotor stage and reflects memory and representational thought.
- Which term describes a child's ability to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others? a. Equilibration b. Conservation c. Centration d. Classification
Centration is a characteristic of the preoperational stage where children focus on one aspect, such as height in conservation tasks.
- The rooting reflex in infants is important for: a. Feeding b. Walking c. Vision development d. Grasping The rooting reflex helps newborns find the breast or bottle for feeding.
- Which of the following is a fine motor skill? a. Crawling b. Walking c. Picking up a small object d. Jumping Fine motor skills involve small muscle movements, especially those in the fingers and hands.
- According to Erikson, adolescents are primarily concerned with: a. Trust b. Identity c. Initiative d. Intimacy
d. Sensorimotor Formal operational thought involves hypothetical reasoning and abstraction, emerging around age 11.
- What is scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory? a. A stage of cognitive development b. Support provided to help a child learn a new task c. A type of reinforcement d. A reflex Scaffolding is the temporary support provided by a more knowledgeable other to help the child achieve a task.
- A child who cannot understand that a cup has the same amount of water after being poured into a taller glass lacks: a. Classification b. Conservation c. Seriation d. Assimilation Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.
- Which of the following best describes temperament? a. Learned behavior b. Parenting style c. An individual’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity d. Cognitive ability
Temperament refers to biologically based traits that influence how children respond to the world.
- What is the term for adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information? a. Assimilation b. Accommodation c. Equilibrium d. Scaffolding Accommodation is when the existing cognitive schema is changed to fit new experiences.
- When a baby smiles in response to a caregiver’s smile, this is known as: a. Reflexive smiling b. Social smiling c. Classical conditioning d. Attachment Social smiling occurs around 6-8 weeks and is a social response to interaction with others.
- The first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is: a. Trust vs. Mistrust b. Autonomy vs. Shame c. Initiative vs. Guilt
d. Conservation Egocentrism is a hallmark of the preoperational stage where children cannot easily adopt another’s perspective.
- What is the term for the rapid increase in vocabulary during early childhood? a. Scaffolding b. Language bloom c. Vocabulary spurt d. Language explosion The vocabulary spurt typically begins around 18–24 months when word acquisition rapidly increases.
- Children who understand gender constancy know that: a. Gender changes with clothing b. Gender remains the same despite superficial changes c. Gender is fluid in early childhood d. Boys become girls over time Gender constancy is the understanding that gender is stable and consistent across situations.
- What is the typical age range for Piaget's preoperational stage? a. Birth to 2 years b. 2 to 5 years c. 2 to 7 years d. 3 to 8 years
This stage is marked by symbolic thinking and egocentrism, lasting roughly from ages 2 to 7.
- Industry vs. Inferiority is the developmental crisis of which age group? a. Early childhood b. Middle childhood c. Adolescence d. Infancy During middle childhood, children work to gain competence and confidence through achievement.
- Which of the following is a gross motor skill typical of a 5-year- old? a. Tying shoes b. Hopping on one foot c. Writing name d. Drawing a circle Hopping on one foot is a gross motor skill that reflects physical development and balance.
- What is the term for a child’s belief that inanimate objects have feelings or intentions? a. Egocentrism b. Animism
c. Sensorimotor d. Formal Operational Children in the concrete operational stage (7–11 years) understand conservation and perform logical operations.
- What type of play involves taking on roles and acting them out, such as “playing house”? a. Solitary play b. Parallel play c. Pretend play d. Functional play Pretend (symbolic) play reflects cognitive development and helps children understand social roles.
- Insecure-avoidant attachment is characterized by: a. Extreme distress when separated from caregiver b. Resistance to caregiver upon return c. Indifference to caregiver’s presence or absence d. Desire for close proximity but fear of closeness Insecure-avoidant infants show little emotion when the caregiver leaves or returns.
- Which theory emphasizes rewards and punishments as drivers of development? a. Psychosocial theory b. Cognitive theory
c. Behaviorism d. Attachment theory Behaviorists like Skinner focus on observable behaviors and how they’re shaped by reinforcement and punishment.
- Which type of memory improves significantly during middle childhood? a. Sensory memory b. Implicit memory c. Working memory d. Reflex memory Working memory improves due to increased brain efficiency and strategy use.
- When a child changes her understanding of "dog" to include a poodle after seeing one for the first time, this is: a. Centration b. Accommodation c. Assimilation d. Egocentrism Accommodation occurs when a child modifies an existing schema to incorporate new information.
- What is the zone of proximal development? a. A measure of intelligence b. The range between what a child can do alone and with help
b. Pride c. Fear d. Embarrassment Fear is a basic emotion that typically appears around 6 months as infants become more aware of unfamiliar people or situations.
- During adolescence, what part of the brain matures last? a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Prefrontal cortex d. Brainstem The prefrontal cortex, responsible for judgment and impulse control, is the last major brain region to mature.
- What is reciprocal socialization? a. When a child mimics adults b. The mutual influence between parent and child c. When peers shape personality d. The process of learning language Reciprocal socialization refers to the dynamic, bidirectional interactions between parents and children.
- Which stage of prenatal development lasts the longest? a. Germinal b. Embryonic c. Fetal
d. Zygotic The fetal stage lasts from the 9th week until birth and is the longest period of prenatal development.
- What behavior is a sign of emotional self-regulation in toddlers? a. Hitting when angry b. Screaming in frustration c. Using words to express feelings d. Ignoring others Using words or gestures to express emotions shows emerging self- regulation skills.
- A 10-year-old who understands that volume is conserved regardless of container shape has mastered: a. Classification b. Egocentrism c. Conservation d. Centration Understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes in shape or arrangement reflects conservation.
- In Freud’s theory, which stage occurs during early childhood? a. Oral b. Genital c. Phallic d. Latency
Myelination insulates neurons and allows for faster, more efficient communication between brain cells.
- A child who uses a block as a phone is demonstrating: a. Egocentrism b. Symbolic function c. Classification d. Reflex behavior Symbolic function allows children to use symbols, like objects or drawings, to represent something else.
- What characterizes the initiative vs. guilt stage of Erikson's theory? a. Wanting independence b. Learning academic skills c. Trying new things and developing purpose d. Deciding life goals This stage (3–6 years) is when children assert themselves through play and explore new skills and activities.
- A 2-year-old throws a tantrum when unable to complete a puzzle. This may indicate difficulty with: a. Language development b. Intelligence c. Emotion regulation d. Attachment
Struggles with emotional regulation are common at this age due to limited coping strategies.
- Which sense is least developed at birth? a. Touch b. Smell c. Vision d. Hearing Newborn vision is blurry and develops more slowly compared to other senses.
- Which of the following is true about adolescent egocentrism? a. It means they are selfish b. They believe others are as concerned about them as they are c. It reflects mature thinking d. It is absent in teens Adolescent egocentrism includes the “imaginary audience,” where teens feel they are constantly being observed.
- What is the leading developmental concern in children with low birth weight? a. Height b. Vision c. Cognitive and physical delays d. Aggression
