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PSY 2174 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
COMPLETE ANSWERS
purpose of descriptive statistics - answer summarizes and describes datavariability - answer the spread or dispersion of a set of research data or distribution standardized scores - answer (e.g. t scores, z scores, percentile rank) -standardized so that they relate to the normal bell curve and can be comparedcovariance - answer as A changes, B changes. measures how two variables change TOGETHER pearsons r - answer correlation coefficient indicating strength and direction (-1.0 to 1.0)purpose of inferential statistics - answer makes predictions about a population based on sample data point estimate - answer a summary statistic from a sample that is just one number usedas an estimate of the population parameter confidence interval - answer the range of values within which a population parameter isestimated to lie hypothesis testing - answer make and test an educated guess about a problem/solution type 1 error - answer rejecting a null when you should accepttype 2 error - answer accepting a null when you should reject t-test - answer compare the means between 2 groups ANOVA - answer compare the means between multiple groupslikert scale - answer a way of formatting a survey questionnaire so that the respondent can choose an answer along a continuum (1-5, 1 being not at all, 5 being all the time) naturalistic observation - answer observing and recording behavior in naturallyoccurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation participant observation - answer the researcher acts as a participant structured observation - answer observing in a controlled environment such as a labsetting field experiment - answer An experiment that takes place in a natural setting where the
researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV. observer bias - answer tendency of observers to see what they expect to see observer effects - answer Participants' behavior changes to match the observer'sexpectations. reactivity - answer participants change behaviour in response to being observed bivariate correlation - answer association between two measured variablesrestriction of range - answer in a bivariate correlation, the absence of a full range of possible scores on one of the variables, so the relationship from the sampleunderestimates the true correlation
multivariate correlation - answer an association that involves more than two variables multiple regression - answer an associative forecasting method with more than oneindependent variable
mediator vs moderator - answer mediator: explains the relationship moderator: affects the strength/direction of relationship 3 criteria for causation - answer covariation, temporal precedence, elimination ofconfounds
systematic variability - answer in an experiment, the levels of a variable coinciding insome predictable way with experimental group membership, creating a potential confound unsystematic variability - answer in an experiment, when levels of a variable fluctuateindependently of experimental group membership, contributing to variability within groups selection effects - answer a threat to internal validity that occurs in anindependent-groups design when the kinds of participants at one level of the
regression threat - answer a threat to internal validity related to regression toward themean, by which any extreme finding is likely to be closer to its own typical, or mean, level the next time it is measured (with or without the experimental treatment orintervention)
attrition threat - answer loss of participants during study testing threat - answer order effect in which scores change over time just becauseparticipants have taken the test more than once; includes practice effects and fatigue effects. instrumentation threat - answer occurs when a measuring instrument changes over time demand characteristics - answer cues in an experiment that tell the participant whatbehavior is expected
quasi-experimental designs - answer Type of research in which groups of participantsare compared on some dependent variable, but for practical or ethical reasons, the groups are not formed on the basis of random assignment. nonequivalent control group posttest-only - answer IV is applied to one group only,groups are not manipulated or assigned randomly due to ethical reasons
interrupted time-series design - answer A quasi-experiment in which participants aremeasured repeatedly on a dependent variable before, during, and after the "interruption" caused by some event. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest - answer both the treatment andcomparison groups are measured before an after the treatment, with no random assignment to the groups for ethical reasons. nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series - answer combines features ofinterrupted time series and nonequivalent control group designs:
two quasi-independent variables and at least one group is exposed to intervention and ismeasured before, during, and after.
small-N design - answer small sample size grounded theory - answer an inductive method of generating theory from data bycreating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories ethnography - answer the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples andcultures.
phenomenology - answer how things seem to the conscious person, lived experiences how is data collected in qualitative research - answer interviews (structured,semi-structured), focus groups, observation
intercoder reliability - answer in content analysis, the degree of agreement between oramong independent coders
mixed methods - answer combined qualitative and quantitative techinques replication - answer repeating the essence of a research study, usually with differentparticipants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances 3 types of replication - answer direct, conceptual, replication-plus-extension direct replication - answer an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previousexperiment but with a new sample
- authors
- keywords
- abstract5. introduction
- materials and methods7. results
- discussion
- conclusion10. acknowledgements
- references 3 claims - answer 1. Frequency
- Association
- Causal frequency claim - answer a claim that describes a particular rate or level of a singlevariable
association claim - answer argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associatedwith a particular level of another variable
causal claim - answer a claim arguing that a specific change in one variable isresponsible for influencing the value of another variable
4 validities - answer 1. Construct2. External
- Statistical
- Internal
construct validity - answer do the variables measure what they are supposed tomeasure
external validity - answer are the findings generalizable statistical validity - answer are the statistical conclusions derived from a study areaccurate and reasonable
internal validity - answer are the effects observed in an experiment due to theindependent variable and not confounds?
the belmont report - answer respect for persons, beneficence, justice respect for persons - answer treating persons as autonomous agents and protectingthose with diminished autonomy
Beneficence in research - answer t promote participants' welfare and safety. It alsoincludes protecting participants from exploitation and keeping the participants' interests as a priority. You minimize risks to participants while maximizing benefits. justice in research - answer Fair distribution of research benefits and burdens. 3 Rs in animal research - answer replacement, refinement, reduction replacement in animal research - answer researchers should find alternatives toanimals in research when possible ex - computer simulations refinement in animal research - answer researchers must modify experimental
