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PSY 2174 EXAM QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
purpose of descriptive statistics - answer summarizes and describes data variability - answer the spread or dispersion of a set of research data or distribution standardized scores - answer (e.g. t scores, z scores, percentile rank) -standardized so that they relate to the normal bell curve and can be compared covariance - answer as A changes, B changes. measures how two variables change TOGETHER pearsons r - answer correlation coefficient indicating strength and direction (-1.0 to 1.0) purpose of inferential statistics - answer makes predictions about a population based on sample data point estimate - answer a summary statistic from a sample that is just one number used as an estimate of the population parameter confidence interval - answer the range of values within which a population parameter is estimated to lie hypothesis testing - answer make and test an educated guess about a problem/solution type 1 error - answer rejecting a null when you should accept type 2 error - answer accepting a null when you should reject t-test - answer compare the means between 2 groups ANOVA - answer compare the means between multiple groups likert scale - answer a way of formatting a survey questionnaire so that the respondent can choose an answer along a continuum (1-5, 1 being not at all, 5 being all the time) naturalistic observation - answer observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
participant observation - answer the researcher acts as a participant structured observation - answer observing in a controlled environment such as a lab setting field experiment - answer An experiment that takes place in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV. observer bias - answer tendency of observers to see what they expect to see observer effects - answer Participants' behavior changes to match the observer's expectations. reactivity - answer participants change behaviour in response to being observed bivariate correlation - answer association between two measured variables restriction of range - answer in a bivariate correlation, the absence of a full range of possible scores on one of the variables, so the relationship from the sample underestimates the true correlation multivariate correlation - answer an association that involves more than two variables multiple regression - answer an associative forecasting method with more than one independent variable mediator vs moderator - answer mediator: explains the relationship moderator: affects the strength/direction of relationship 3 criteria for causation - answer covariation, temporal precedence, elimination of confounds systematic variability - answer in an experiment, the levels of a variable coinciding in some predictable way with experimental group membership, creating a potential confound
factors threats to validity - answer maturaton, history, regression, attrition, testing, instrumentation maturation threat - answer a change in behavior that emerges more or less spontaneously over time history threat - answer a threat to internal validity in which an outside event or occurrence might have produced effects on the dependent variable regression threat - answer a threat to internal validity related to regression toward the mean, by which any extreme finding is likely to be closer to its own typical, or mean, level the next time it is measured (with or without the experimental treatment or intervention) attrition threat - answer loss of participants during study testing threat - answer order effect in which scores change over time just because participants have taken the test more than once; includes practice effects and fatigue effects. instrumentation threat - answer occurs when a measuring instrument changes over time demand characteristics - answer cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected quasi-experimental designs - answer Type of research in which groups of participants are
compared on some dependent variable, but for practical or ethical reasons, the groups are not formed on the basis of random assignment. nonequivalent control group posttest-only - answer IV is applied to one group only, groups are not manipulated or assigned randomly due to ethical reasons interrupted time-series design - answer A quasi-experiment in which participants are measured repeatedly on a dependent variable before, during, and after the "interruption" caused by some event. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest - answer both the treatment and comparison groups are measured before an after the treatment, with no random assignment to the groups for ethical reasons. nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series - answer combines features of interrupted time series and nonequivalent control group designs: two quasi-independent variables and at least one group is exposed to intervention and is measured before, during, and after. small-N design - answer small sample size grounded theory - answer an inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories ethnography - answer the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.
the p-value that you obtain open science - answer the practice of sharing one's data and materials freely so others can collaborate, use, and verify the results preregistration - answer publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses BEFORE conducting the study to prevent HARKing deductive reasoning - answer the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations inductive reasoning - answer reasoning from detailed facts to general principles basic research - answer pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base applied research - answer scientific study that aims to solve practical problems translational research - answer research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions to real-world problems anatomy of a scientific paper - answer 1. title
- authors
- keywords
- abstract
- introduction
- materials and methods
- results
- discussion
- conclusion
- acknowledgements
- references 3 claims - answer 1. Frequency
- Association
- Causal frequency claim - answer a claim that describes a particular rate or level of a single variable association claim - answer argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable causal claim - answer a claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the value of another variable 4 validities - answer 1. Construct
- External
- Statistical
- Internal
refinement in animal research - answer researchers must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress reduction in animal research - answer researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects possible reliability - answer the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting random sampling vs random assignment - answer Random selection refers to how sample members (study participants) are selected from the population for inclusion in the study. Random assignment is an aspect of experimental design in which study participants are assigned to the treatment or control group using a random procedure.
