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PSY 4134 Community Psychology Final Exam With
Correct Solutions
Spontaneous and Unplanned Social Change - answer Unintentional change An example is a natural disaster Causes stress due to the unknown and the uncontrolled Planned Social Change - answer Limited in Scope: Focused on a particular group of people in a particular place, or the change itself is more limited (not wholesale societal change) Directed at enhancing quality of life Provides a role for those affected by change Guided by a social change agent First-order change - answer Only a portion of a system is changed (person, clients, tool) broader system remains intact Second-order change - answer changes to the system changes in relationships among component parts of a system changes in the goals, structure or processes of a system Types of Community Change - answer Community betterment approach and Community empowerment model Community betterment approach - answer Top-down Attempts to improve specific aspect of community functioning using top-down approach. people at the 'top' or in power treat those in the community as passive victim Community empowerment model - answer Bottom-up Uses bottom-up approach in which community members have primary control of change efforts.
Can increase community capacity and strengthen sense of community. the voice comes from those at the 'bottom' in the community telling people in power/in charge what they need Instruments of Social Power - answer 1. Control of resources to bargain, reward, and punish
- Control of channels for citizen participation in community decisions (who controls the money or space)
- Ability to shape the definition of a public issue or conflict Approaches to Community and Social Change - answer Consciousness Raising Social Action Community Development Community Coalition Organizational Consultation Alternative Settings Policy Research and Advocacy Conscientization - answer when people become aware of their oppression, and the forces that maintain it Consciousness Raising - answer Emphasizes increasing citizen's awareness of social conditions that affect them Grassroots, bottom-up approach to community change Social Action - answer Identifies obstacles to empowerment of disadvantaged groups, and creates constructive conflict to remove these obstacles through direct, (typically) nonviolent action Focus on power and conflict Based on gaining control of resources Conflict strategy because cooperation is viewed as being ineffective
Organizational Consultation - answer Professionals working as consultants with workplaces, for-profit or non-profit, to make changes in the organization's policies, structure, or practices Alternative Settings - answer Outgrowth of dissatisfaction with mainstream services Examples: Consumer/Survivor Initiatives, street health clinics, alternative schools Safe haven and support for individuals experiencing discrimination and injustice Potential fertile ground for social change Policy Research and Advocacy - answer Speaking out in some form to influence decisions, policies, and laws Participation in public decision-making and influencing how an issue is defined or understood in the political arena Persuasion based on research findings and reasoned arguments Often a top-down method of social and community change Risk process - answer factors correlated with problematic individual outcomes distress, mental disorders, behavioral problems Some kind of condition, situation, characteristics, that appears to be associated with some kind of an outcome. There is a correlation, an empirical relationship between a thing and outcome more likely to happen Protective processes - answer strengths or resources associated with positive individual outcomes coping, temperament, supportive relationships
Only protective where there is some kind of a threat or challenge. In the process of some kind of challenge we can draw on protective factors to minimze that challenge. Distal Factors - answer Predisposing processes that indirectly shape stressors, resources, coping processes and outcomes Personal Factors: Gender, personal temperament, genetic or other biological factors Women and mens crash dummies. The proximal factors is medical treatment the distal factor is gender. Contextual Factors: Economic trends, neighbourhood characteristics, family conflict, racism, poverty Stressors - answer Circumstances that represent a threatened or actual loss or scarcity of resources Anxiety is a future oriented concern (worrying about worst possible outcome) A threat of some kind in the future is sufficent enough to produce stress Resources - answer Material, social, and personal factors that promote health and personal well-being. What do you have at your disposal to help you deal with stress Material: money, employment, housing Social: support from friends, social status Personal: competencies or skills Proximal Stressors - answer Precipitating, relatively direct relationship to stress and coping Directly trigger or contribute to a problem: Actually losing job, actually having to write the test, etc Represent a threatened or actual loss or scarcity of resources
Primary appraisal - answer estimation of the strength or intensity of the stressor Secondary appraisal - answer estimation of the resources and coping options for responding to the stressor Reappraisal - answer Changing perception of stressor's intensity, identifying unrecognized resources, or finding meaning in the situation Coping (Lazarus & Launier, 1978) - answer "efforts, both intrapsychic and action-oriented to manage (i.e., master, tolerate, reduce, minimize) environmental and internal demands and conflicts among them" Types of Coping - answer Emotion-Focused vs. Problem-Solving Focused Coping (Lessen or Strengthen the Emotion vs Change the Environment) Active vs. Avoidant Coping (Try to Solve the Problem vs Try to Escape the Problem) Resilience - answer "The achievement of positive adaptation despite exposure to significant threat or severe adversity" (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000) "Good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation or development" (Masten, 2001) Social Support - answer a collection of social, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes occurring in personal relationships that provide aid that promotes adaptive coping (Dalton et al., 2007) Types of Social Support - answer Emotional: Expressing compassion Instrumental: Physical or substantive assistance is provided (giving a ride or class notes) Informational: Helpful information is provided. Overlooked a lot, telling somewhere where
to go, who to turn to, information is a key part, how to solve a problem Specific support - answer Enacted Support Specific supportive actions Behavioural help provided to people coping with a particular stressor Emotional encouragement, information, advice, tangible assistance Support is tailored to a specific stressor Generalized support - answer Occurs in interpersonal relationships sustained over time Communicates that you matter Provide a secure base for living and coping Does not necessarily involve behavioural helping in a specific situation Perceived Support Citizen Participation - answer A process in which individuals take part in decision-making in the institutions, programs, and environments that affect them It is both a Means and an Ends Processes of Citizen Participation and Empowerment - answer Sense of community in a locality or relational community Sense of community threatened by a provocation (e.g., closing of school, change in roadway) Provocation produces citizen participation, engagement in an empowering setting, and psychological empowerment of the individual Leads to a response to the provocation and changes in the sense of community
a process by which one first increases critical awareness and understanding of the power dynamics that occur at multiple levels in their lives To address these power dynamics, one then develops skills for gaining control, over affected aspects of their lives Elements of Psychological Empowerment - answer Critical awareness about society and one's community Learning to see social regularities Perceptions of influence over community problems Participatory competence - ability to participate in community decision-making Mobilizing resources (i.e., identifying, gaining access to, and using resources) John McKnight - answer Professional Problem Do social and human services replace or disable natural support systems? Professionalization of the stuff that we can often should be doing for one another. Idea of disabling help. If there is a professional service out there, we tend to assuming that our own abilities to help, support, meet the needs of others, is ineffective so we don't step in. Causes of Maltreatment - answer Individual level - Lack of Parenting Skills Social Contexts - Stressors, Poverty Community level - Community Violence Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) - answer describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse
Community mental health - answer the broad array of services and programs oriented to supporting people living with serious mental illness in the community. Deinstitutionalization - answer The process of relocating people with serious mental illness from institutions (e.g., psychiatric hospitals) to the community 3 D's of Mental Health - answer Diagnosis Disability Duration Medical model of mental illness - answer Assumption - dysfunction is primarily due to internal, biological processes Focus on illness and defect Role of professional - psychiatrist diagnoses and prescribes treatment (e.g., medication) Role of individual - patient who is expected to follow treatment Rehabilitation model of mental illness - answer Assumption - dysfunction is primarily due to inadequate knowledge and skills Role of professional - professionals identify deficits and develop programs to address these deficits Role of individual - client who is expected to set rehabilitation goals and work with professionals to achieve these goals Recovery model of mental illness - answer Assumption - dysfunction is primarily due to loss of meaningful social roles Role of professional - support individual in working toward personal goals; seek support and resources in community
Custodial housing - answer First form of housing emerging post deinstitutionalization Focus on treatment and rehabilitation (though little rehabilitation and support services available) Mental health provider as expert Often offered by for profit providers Board and care style housing Replication of the institution in the community No research evidence in support of benefits from this type of housing Supportive (single-site, congregate) housing - answer Non-profit housing people share house or apartment building Support provided on-site by trained, professional staff (linked to housing residency) Greater emphasis on psychosocial rehabilitation Expectation of graduation to more independent forms of housing (which was rarely realized) Supported (scattered-site, independent) housing - answer People receive housing subsidies and choose the apartment where they want to live Often independent apartments which are scattered throughout the city Portable support provided to the individual Focus on individual empowerment, recovery, and community integration Research evidence of a range of positive outcomes Housing First - answer Linked to supported housing, though may be any form of housing
chosen by individual Housing people with no pre-conditions Housing as a right Used to house people who have serious mental illness and experiences of chronic homelessness Intensive, individualized support (ACT or Intensive Case Management) The Community Development Framework Community (CDF) - answer 1. Developing a local Committee
- Learning about and from the Neighbourhood
- Prioritizing and Action Planning
- Putting the plan into action
- Evaluation
- Reassessing: Prevention - answer reduction of problems of living, mental disorders, distress, etc prevent new cases from occurring focus on populations, not individuals intentional (theory driven) Promotion - answer enhancement of well-being in populations Less targetted than prevention What can we do to strengthen individuals an reduce their risk
Protective Factors - answer Features of individuals and environments that operate in ongoing ways to increase of enhance the biological, psychological, social and emotional capacities of individuals to maintain well-being and function adaptively in society. When you have these protective factors, you are better able to withstand the challenges that come with everyday life. You can maintain your wellbeing Incidence - answer The number of new cases that arise in a population during a specified period of time (usually one year) Prevalence - answer The number of cases in existence at a specified point in time Albee's Equation - answer Incidence of behavioral and emotional disorder in populations = Risk factors on top, risk factors are the numerator. Protective factors on bottom, protective factors are the denominator. Self-efficacy - answer an internal belief in one's innate ability to achieve a desired goal The Four Stages of the Policymaking Process - answer Agenda Setting Policy Formation and Adoption Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation and Revision Agenda Setting - answer The process in which social problems and potential solutions gain or lose the attention of policymakers or the public
Kingdon's Model of Policymaking - answer Problem stream: Problems that affect more people will gain more attention Policy stream: Problems that have practical and cost-effective solutions are more likely to make the agenda Political stream: Problems that have higher public concern are more likely to make it on the agenda Conceptual research - answer Used to educate policymakers and stakeholders on social issues and propose possible solutions (e.g., Research that led to Brown vs Board of Education) Instrumental research - answer Used to persuade policymakers to adopt a policy (e.g., Providing individuals with movement disabilites access to buildings, public transportation, and parking spots) Community organizing - answer The act of engaging in cooperative efforts to promote a community's interests Community coalitions - answer Groups that tackle larger social issues by bringing together a representation of community citizens and organizations - both private and public - situated in a way to address larger social problems at multiple levels within a community. Often agree on a mission, vision, and set of shared values capacity building - answer a process in which communities or organizations work to improve their collective skills and resources Engaging in a capacity building can improve community readiness for members to do the things they need to do for change to happen
