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Ecological validity - correct answer addressing important contextual variables
How do you identify ecological variables - correct answer note the salient variables observed
through indirect and direct assessments Ex: During ABC data collection, you might note nuances in the environment that may affect the rest of your assessment process.
What ecological variables are related to assessments - correct answer Nuances to behavior: severity
and observer reactivity Details about the environment: how much control is there Idiosyncratic preferences/beliefs of those involved
Which assessments need to be ecologically valid? - correct answer All of them. Some assessments
are more adaptable than others
Risk of missing ecological variables - correct answer Contriving unrepresentative contingencies that
will not generalize to meaningful contexts
Semi-structure assessments - correct answer Useful when control is limited
Systematically introduce antecedent stimuli to evaluate their affect on the behavior of interest. •antecedent assessments; structural analysis
Goal of semi-structure assessments - correct answer demonstrate functional relations in natural
context
Pros and cons of semi-structured assessments - correct answer P: assessment occurs in natural
context with little disruption; expedites assessment process C: may increase the severity of the behavior; many confounds may be present
Steps to conducting semi-structured assessments - correct answer Identify focused variables of
interest Arrange procedures Implement assessments Analyze patterns
Identify focused variables - correct answer use indirect and descriptive assessments to narrow a list
of suspected variables create a test and control condition for each variable targeted in the assessment test each test and control in pairwise arrangement
Pairwise assessments - correct answer Test conditions should be designed to test a single variable at
a time The control condition should be designed to hold everything constant to act as a comparison for the test condition
Pairwise example - correct answer Suspected culprit: peer attention
Arrangement: test peer attention present control peer attention not present
Arrange procedures - correct answer Exposure to the variables must be balanced and as similar as
possible -same amount of time, same type of activity Setting and length of exposure should be ecologically valid. Establish termination criterion (if necessary).
Implement assessment - correct answer systematically introduce one variable at a time
rapidly alternating between the variables collect data on the behavior
Downside to COAs - correct answer Must complete a quality preference assessment prior to the
COA
The COA doesn't technically confirm function like FAs
Summarizing the results of the COA - correct answer Report the format
Assessor Date(s) Describe the assessment and arrangement Summarize the results
What are skills assessments? - correct answer assessments used to identify critical skill deficits and
strengths that are socially significant
Purpose of skill assessments - correct answer to identify socially significant skill deficits that would
improve the quality of life of a client if remediated
How do behavior analytic skills assessments differ? - correct answer Behavior analytic skill
assessments are typically Criterion-Referenced rather than Standardized/Norm-Referenced.
Standardized - correct answer •Provides comparison data related to overall benchmarks (e.g., third
grade reading) •Results are achieved by comparing performance to expected norms
Criterion-referenced - correct answer •Provides data related to specific "developmental milestones"
and skills.
Steps of a skill assessment - correct answer Identify the missing skill(s)
Test whether the missing skill is a can't or won't do problem Create a training program
Identify the missing skill(s) - correct answer When working with problem behavior
°What alternative behaviors would be most adaptive? When working on skill acquisition/teaching °What deficits exist?
Skill deficit or a motivation - correct answer Rationale: •Issues related to skill deficits must be
treated very differently than issues related to motivation. Skill deficits require teaching, motivation requires environmental arrangement. Focus: Is the problem primarily due to an inability to perform a task or is it a motivational. •i.e., is it a can't do or a won't do issue.
Can't do/won't do procedures - correct answer •Offer the student the most enticing reward you can
think of to complete a small amount of the desired task. •Completion = Motivation •Failure to Complete = Skill Deficit
Create a training program - correct answer identify the steps you need to teach
Task analyze - correct answer the process of breaking complex skills into their component parts
Basic steps to task analyses - correct answer Identify the terminal goal
Select an appropriate starting point Isolate every behavior required
Other recommendations for task analyses - correct answer Avoid assumptions
Utilize qualified materials for complex skills
•Nice-to-Have
Making requests - correct answer makes request by exhibiting problem behavior
Makes requests by leading other to items Makes request for 1-3 items without prompts Makes requests for for 10 or more items without prompts using effective communication method
Waiting - correct answer Exhibits problem behavior when denied access for a few seconds--> waits 1
minute with minor disruptions--> waits 5 minutes without complaint--> waits 20 minutes without complaints
Preschool life skills - correct answer assesses the skills necessary to participate in preschool level
environment -developed by Greg Hanley 2007
PLS - correct answer Instruction following
Functional communication Tolerance for delay
Student must haves - correct answer Target skills needed by every student
-developed by Stephanie Peterson 2003
Language assessments - correct answer Specialized skill assessments that specifically target skills
related to verbal behavior *most commonly used
Purpose of language assessments - correct answer to identify socially significant verbal behavior
deficits that would improve the quality of life of a client if remediated
Verbal behavior - correct answer operant behavior that is reinforced by a mediator whose behavior
corresponds to the conventions of a community Behavior that is controlled by reinforcers
What are skills related to verbal behavior? - correct answer Speaker
°Emits any type of verbal response in any form. Listener °Serves as an audience for the speaker and provides specific reinforcement to the speaker. *The behavior of both are controlled by different but interlocking contingencies.
Speaker skills - correct answer Behavior analysts prioritize FUNCTION over FORM.
°Form of Language -Topography of the response °Function -The reason the response occurred
Elementary Verbal Operants - correct answer Tact (labeling)
Mand (request) Duplic (repeating or copying) Codic (reading or writing) Intraverbal (responding/exchanging)
Mand - correct answer Basic Definition
◦Request Controlling Variable ◦The motivating operation Reinforcement ◦Specific (related to MO)
Codic - correct answer Basic
◦Relating text and speech (point-to-point correspondence) ◦Two subtypes ◦Textual (reading out loud) ◦Taking Dictation (writing down something said) Controlling Variable ◦Verbal discriminative stimuli with point-to-point correspondence Reinforcement ◦Generalized conditioned reinforcement
Assessment considerations - correct answer Duplic: Identifies what aspects of behavior a client is
able to imitate Codic: Assesses letter discriminations, phonetics, site words, etc.
Intraverbal - correct answer Basic
◦Exchanging communication Controlling Variable ◦Verbal discriminative stimuli without formal similarity OR point-to-point correspondence Reinforcement ◦Generalized conditioned reinforcement
Assessment considerations - correct answer all previously discussed foundational skills and listener
skills are applicable here
Listener skills - correct answer assessed by listener discrimination
when a verbal SD evokes a specific response
Assessment considerations - correct answer Focuses on the ability to serve as audience, mediate
reinforcement, and demonstrate emotional listener responding
Specific skills include ◦Simple verbal discriminations ◦Auditory conditional discriminations ◦Compound verbal discriminations ◦Etc.
How to choose the right assessment - correct answer Each standardized assessment has pros and
cons Each target different client profiles Assessments should be individualized by client
