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A child is kicking and screaming with his eyes open wide. Which stage of sleep would you most expect him to be in? A) REM sleep B) Non-REM sleep C) Awake - ✔✔B) The child is having a night terror, which happen almost exclusively in non-REM sleep.
- Typically Night terror = Stage 4 sleep Alex has been known to sleep walk ever since he was a young kid. One night, Alex drives to publix, comes home and cooks a pizza all while sleeping. What stage of sleep is Alex most likely in and do you believe that he is acting out his dream? A) Stage 1 ; Yes - he is acting out his dreams B) Stage 5 /REM sleep; yes - he is acting out his dreams C) Stage 4 ; No - he is not acting out his dreams - ✔✔C) Sleep walkers are NOT acting out their dreams , bc sleepwalking almost always occurs during Non-REM sleep (especially stages 3 and 4 ). Which of the following are not proposed ideas of why we dream? A) Processing emotional memories. B) Integrating new experiences with established memories to make sense of and create a virtual reality model of the world. C) Learning new strategies and ways of doing things, like swinging golf club. D) stimulating threatening events so we can better cope with them in everyday life.
E) Reorganizing and consolidating memories F) All of the above. - ✔✔F) All are proposed ideas in the book There are sharp disagreements among scientists about the role of the brain stem and REM sleep, and the role that development plays in dreaming. What are the 2 things that scientists generally agree on? A) serotonin turns on REM sleep B) Acetylcholine turns on REM sleep C) the forebrain plays an important role in dreams D) the hindbrain plays an important role in dreams E) B & C F) A & C G) B & D - ✔✔E) B & C are correct Freud distinguished between the details of the dream itself, which he called the , and its true, hidden meaning, which he called the _. - ✔✔manifest content ; latent content Ex: A dream about getting a flat tire (manifest content) might signify anxiety about the loss of status at our job (latent content). In a study of mystical experiences, participants were given a hallucinogenic drug that is the active ingredient in the "mushroom." What is the most likely neurotransmitter affected when this drug is ingested? A) Acetylcholine B) Calcium-gated ion channels C) Serotonin D) Norepinephrine - ✔✔C) Serotonin receptors are affected LSD is an agonist for serotonin (mimics serotonin in the brain; Ex: hallucinations, schizophrenia)
- Think: If your serotonin levels are off.. your brain will be "tonin" out
D) Enhanced learning phenomena - ✔✔C) Dissociation theory - the idea is that during hypnosis our senses are "dissociated" allowing us to bypass our control on our behaviors. When not under hypnosis are senses are fully integrated. Alcohol affects brain centers involved in reward. Knowing this, what neurotransmitter is affected by alcohol use? A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) Norepinephrine - ✔✔B) Dopamine After being bitten by a large and aggressive Rottweiler last week, Cassie walks through central park with her boyfriend who stops to pet a black lab. Even though the lab looked considerably like the Rottweiler that bit her, Cassie wasn't afraid when she reached down to pet the lab. What phenomenon describes this scenario? A) Acquisition B) Renewal Effect C) Stimulus Discrimination D) Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔C) stimulus discrimination
- Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that DIFFER from the original conditioned stimulus Many students at UF engage in the use of Study Edge for their core classes. During finals week, there are blue Study Edge packets on just about every desk in the library. A new tutoring company, called Tutoring Edge hopes to attract new clients by using orange colored packets, but unfortunately, their advertising attempts fail and students continue to use Study Edge. What phenomenon best explains this situation? A) Extinction B) Latent Inhibition
C) Stimulus Discrimination D) Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔B) Latent inhibition refers to the fact that we've experienced a CS alone so many times, it is difficult to classically condition it to another stimulus. The students at UF have long made the association that Blue colored study edge packets (CS) lead to doing great in their classes (CR). It is almost in a sense "too late", their minds are made up and the orange colored packets will not be classically conditioned. A mother rushes into her 3 year olds room every time he kicks the wall and yells "Stop that!" If he then proceeds to kick the walls more often following the scolding, what is occurring? A) Positive punishment B) Negative punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement - ✔✔C) Positive reinforcement - it is when we administer a stimulus that strengthens the probability of a behavior. The yelling of the mother is the administered stimulus; it is reinforcement because the boys behavior is strengthened. (if his kicking were too decrease or stop after he was scolded then the mother's scolding would have been a punishment - weakening the probability of a response) A women with diabetes works hard to control her blood sugar through diet and exercise. As a result, her doctor allows her to discontinue use of insulin shots each day, which increases her attempts to eat healthily and exercise. A) Positive punishment B) Negative punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement - ✔✔D) Negative reinforcement
- reinforcement bc her healthy behavior is strengthened/ increasing
- adds toy / stimulus = positive Using food pallets to train hamsters to distinguish blonde humans vs brunette humans is an example of? A) Positive punishment B) Stimulus generalization C) Stimulus discrimination D) discriminative stimulus - ✔✔C) this is stimulus discrimination bc the hamsters learned to tell the difference bt two different types of stimuli. A worker in a bag factory might get paid every Friday for the work she has done as long as she has generated at least one bag during that 1 week interval. What kind of schedule of reinforcement is this? A) Fixed ratio B) Fixed interval C) Variable ratio D) Variable interval - ✔✔B) fixed interval
- we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval.
- so she produced at least one bag in the given time period. Tina the neurosurgeon receives a call at work saying that her son has been sent to the principal's office today for calling his teacher "fat" and repeatedly speaking out during class. Immediately Tina is worried that her son may have problems in his: A) Cerebellum B) Occipital lobe C) Pituitary Gland D) Pre-frontal cortex - ✔✔D) the Pre-frontal cortex is very important for self-control & the moderation of social behaviors. Damage to it can cause people to speak and act out of character. This type of damage occurred to Phones Gage when the rod struck through his pre-frontal cortex
After feeling extreme anxiety and stress after her first semester of college, Katie felt that she needed anti-anxiety medication to help suppress the over active areas in her brain that kept her up each night and led to panic attacks. This medication will most likely have an effect on: A) Glutamate receptors B) GABA receptors C) Acetylcholine receptors D) Oxytocin receptors - ✔✔B) GABA receptors
- GABA is the main INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the nervous system. GABA dampens neural activity, thats why most anti-anxiety drugs bind to GABA receptors - they tend to suppress over active brain areas that lead to worry. The Kardashian family has a lot of whacky problems and doctors think that it could be a genetic problem resulting in the same diminished neurotransmitter in each family member. Kris has a problem with muscle cramping and decreased movement. Grandma Kim has been recently diagnosed with Alzheimers and is experiencing rapid memory loss. Little Kylie has a cigarette addiction in order to try stimulate this neurotransmitter. What is most likely the neurotransmitter the Kardashian family has problems with? A) Glutamate B) GABA C) Acetylcholine D) Oxytocin - ✔✔C) Acetylcholine
- Neurons that are connected to muscle cells also release acetylcholine allowing the triggering of movement.
- Alzheimers patients have neurons containing acetylcholine that are destroyed - leads to memory loss. Drugs to help memory loss work by boosting acetylcholine levels in the brain.
- Nicotine stimulates Ach receptors. Also Note: Plays a role in Muscle contraction (PNS), and Cortical arousal (CNS). It plays a role in arousal, selective attention, sleep, and memory.
Children with ADHD and drug addicts both take drugs that fall into the same drug family - Amphetamines & Methamphetamines. These drugs work by arousing the brain by increasing which of the following neurotransmitters? A) Glutamate B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Norepinephrine - ✔✔D) Norepinephrine - Brain arousal and other functions like mood, hunger, and sleep. Drugs that interact with NE: Amphetamine and methamphetamine increase NE - --> So adderall & meth would increase the NE levels. After presumably doing great on his psychology exam, Alex decides to asks a girl out on a date and heads to Vegas to gamble for the weekend! What kind of neurotransmitter do we assume to be highly active in these situations? A) Glutamate B) Serotonin C) Dopamine D) Norepinephrine - ✔✔C) Dopamine - plays a critical role in the rewarding experiences that occur when we seek out or anticipate goals whether they be sex, a good meal, or gambling jackpot. After smoking marijuana, the active ingredient, THC travels through the blood stream to elicit a response by binding to receptors to produce euphoric sensations. A) Glutamate B) Acetylcholine C) Anandamide D) Norepinephrine - ✔✔C) Anandamide Drugs that interact with Anandamide: THC found in marijuana produces euphoria
- Pain reduction and increase in appetite are effects of anandamide. Which is not one of the ways that the brain (and its neurons) can change throughout development: A) Growth B) Synaptogenesis C) Reuptake D) Pruning E) Myelination - ✔✔C) Reuptake refers to the recycling of neurotransmitters; it is not a developmental change.
- Growth - of dendrites and axons
- Synaptogenesis - formation of new synapses
- Pruning - consisting of the death of certain neurons and the retraction of axons to remove connections that aren't useful
- Myelination - the insulation of axons with a myelin sheath Rats are trained to swim to a hidden platform in milky water. By the time these rates become good at finding the platform, their axons relevant to the area of their brain that deals with spatial ability had expanded. What is this called? A) Structural morphism B) Structural plasticity C) Potentiation D) Myelination - ✔✔B) Structural plasticity - change in the shape of neurons is possibly critical for learning Note: Exposure to 'enriched' environments can also lead to structural changes /enhancements to dendrites - so a rat thats given a large cage with lots of toys and objects will develop more than a rat that has an empty cage
a) Important for spatial memory b) Linked to emotion (such as fear & anxiety) and aggression c) Regulates the body. Often thought as the reward center. - ✔✔The Limbic system and the Thalamus make up the "Midbrain" The limbic systems 3 structures (Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus) 1 ) B 2 ) C 3 ) A Damage to the Hippocampus might result in: A) Increased sporadic behavior of limbs B) Uncontrollable outbursts C) Increased energy D) Memory loss - ✔✔D)
- can be observed in 50 first dates; girl has damage to hippocampus and can't retain memories.
- think: If you see a hippo on campus you're going to remember it = plays a role in memory Upon neural stimulation, a rat will cross a painful electrical grid so that he can press the "stimulation pedal" that will send a jolt of stimulation to this area in the brain. A) Amygdala B) Forebrain (Cerebrum) C) Hypothalamus D) Pons - ✔✔C) Hypothalamus = aside from its homeostasis roles; it is often regarded as "pleasure center of the brain"
Match each of the following Forebrain (Cerebrum) structures with its correct functions: 1 ) Frontal lobe 2 ) Temporal lobe 3 ) Parietal lobe 4 ) Occipital lobe 5 ) Motor cortex 6 ) Sensory cortex A) Vision B) Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling C) Sensations D) Movement E)Memory, understanding, language F) Executive functioning, thinking, planning, organizing and problem solving emotions and behavioral control, personality - ✔✔ 1 ) F 2 ) E 3 ) B 4 ) A 5 ) D 6 ) C Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Temporal lobe of the Forebrain (Cerebrum)? A) Memory B) Understanding language C) Hearing D) Heart rate - ✔✔D)
- Temporal lobe : memory loss and language problems soon develop
- Parietal lobe: patients will have a difficult time with perception/ making sense of the world
- Frontal lobe: loss of executive functioning; patients may act out of character- personality, problem solving, emotions, and behavior can be altered. Which of the following structures is incorrectly matched with its location in the brain? A) Thalamus - Midbrain B) Frontal lobe - Forebrain (Cerebrum) C) Amygdala - Hindbrain D) Reticular formation - Hindbrain E) Brainstem - Hindbrain F) Motor cortex - Forebrain (Cerebrum) G) Cerebellum - Hindbrain - ✔✔C) Amygdala is part of the limbic system (along with the hypothalamus and hippocampus) which is located in the MIDBRAIN What type of neuron connects sensory nerves to motor nerves within the spinal chord without having to report back to the brain; allowing reflexes to occur? A)Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Reflexive neurons D) Sensory neurons - ✔✔B) Interneurons
- neurons that send messages to OTHER neurons nearby (NOT to the brain) Part of the nervous system controlling involuntary / AUTOMATIC actions of our internal organs and glands; along with the limbic system, it participates in emotion regulation. A) Somatic nervous system B) Regulative nervous system
C) Autonomic nervous system D) Central Nervous System - ✔✔C) The PNS is divided into the Somatic NS & the Autonomic NS Autonomic = Automatic & emotions Note: the autonomic NS --> further broken down to Sympathetic NS ("Speed up") & Parasympathetic ("parents are slow") Which of the following is not a neuroimaging technique? A) CT, B) MRI C) PET D) fMRI E) TMS F) MEG G) EEG - ✔✔G) electroencephalograph (EEG) is a recording of brain patterns and sequences allow scientists to infer whether a person is awake, asleep, dreaming or not, and to tell which regions of the brain are active during specific tasks
- Cons: they show averaged neural activity that reaches the surface of the scalp; aka they don't tell us much at all about what is happening inside of neurons; also EEGs are not very good for determining exactly WHERE in the brain the activity is occurring think: EGG's are only good at the surface (egg whites) not so good in the middle (yolk) Which neuroimaging technique is not matched correctly with its mechanism of function? A) CT - uses 3 D X-rays B) PET - measures which area of the brain are consuming the most glucose-like substance C) fMRI - indirectly measures brain activity via magnetic fields & blood oxygen amount D) MRI - indirectly measures brain activity by magnetic fields & energy release from water
E) External stimulus --> Transmission --> Receptors --> Transduction --> Impulse travel --> Destination - ✔✔E) 1 ) External Stimulus
- Sight of a truck, music, smell of food, feel of a surface, food in mouth 2 ) Transmission
- indirect light waves, sound waves, air molecules
- direct touch, taste 3 ) Receptors
- Indirect - cornea, eardrum, nasal cavity
- Direct - skin, tongue 4 ) Transduction
- Stimulus is converted into neural impulses
- Occurs in the Retina, Cochlea, Nasal Cavity, Spinal Cord, Taste Buds 5 ) Impulse Travel
- Impulses travel along nerves to different parts of brain.
- Optic nerve, auditory nerve, olfactory nerve, spinal cord. 6 ) Destination
- The region of the brain that receives the impulse. » sight - Occipital lobe, visual cortex » sound, smell and taste - Temporal lobe » touch - Parietal lobe Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its definition? A) Functions view of the brain - each part of the brain controls a different part of behavior. B) Systems view - The brain works as a whole and is not a collection of structures, centers, or localizations. C) Neither are paired correctly. D) Both A & B are correctly paired. - ✔✔D) In the case study of Melinda, who underwent a Hemispherectomy, the other parts of her brain took over the respnsibily of the left hemisphere that was removed. This is strong evidence for the systems approach which states that the brain works as a whole - for instance, memory happens all over the brain (not just in one localized region). Steven was running through the woods and nearly tripped over a gigantic hungry python. We can assume that immediately after he noticed the snake, his nervous system was most active. A) Central B) Somatic C) Parasympathetic D) Sympathetic - ✔✔D) Sympathetic NS = "speed up" / fight or flight mode
- increased heart rate, increased release of epinephrine Allyson is participating in a research study in which the investigator asks her to report "yes" or "no" if she hears a sound played at different frequencies. Allyson is not exactly sure if she heard a sound, so she just assumes that a sound was played and says "yes." What is this called? A) Illusory response
