Download PSYC 1000 - Neuroimaging Techniques: Questions and Answers and more Exams Biological Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
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structural neuroimaging - Correct Ans: ✅ a type of brain scanning that produces images of the different structures of the brain. This type of neuroimaging is used to measure the size of different brain areas and to determine whether any brain injury has occurred.
types of structural neuroimaging - Correct Ans: ✅ 1. Computerized tomography (or CT scan)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (or MRI)
- Diffusion tensor imaging (or DTI)
Although structural images provide useful information about the brain's anatomy, they do not tell us much about the functions of those brain areas.
Computerized tomography (or CT scan) - Correct Ans: ✅ is a structural neuroimaging technique in which x-rays are sent through the brain by a tube that rotates around the head.
Magnetic resonance imaging (or MRI) - Correct Ans: ✅ is a structural imaging technique in which clear images of the brain are created based on how different neural regions absorb and release energy while in a magnetic field. First, a brain (or other body part) is placed inside a strong magnetic field; this causes the protons of the brain's hydrogen atoms to spin in the same direction. Second, a pulse of radio waves is sent through the brain; the energy of this pulse is absorbed by the atoms in the brain and knocks them out of their
previous position (aligned with the magnetic eld). Finally, the pulse of radio waves is turned off. Computers are used to calculate these differences and provide a very detailed three-dimensional image of the brain
why are CT scanners still used? - Correct Ans: ✅ what if a person entered the hospital after a car accident? He might have fragments of metal in his body; these would not react well to a powerful magnet.Therefore, CT scans, aside from being cheap, are a safe first- assessment tool for brain injuries.
Diffusion tensor imaging (or DTI) - Correct Ans: ✅ is a form of structural neuroimaging allowing researchers or medical personnel to measure white-matter pathways in the brain. White matter damage has been found in an increasing number of brain disorders. Some of the white matter pathways connecting different brain areas can be torn
functional neuroimaging - Correct Ans: ✅ a type of brain scanning that provides information about which areas of the brain are active when a person performs a particular behaviour.
temporal resolution - Correct Ans: ✅ how brief a period of time can be accurately measured
spatial resolution - Correct Ans: ✅ a clear picture of the brain
nearly the instant a stimulus is presented. MEGs do not provide a detailed picture of the activity of specific brain areas, so it is difficult to isolate where in the brain the activity occurred.
positron emission tomography (or PET) - Correct Ans: ✅ a type of scan in which a low level of a radioactive isotope is injected into the blood, and its movement to regions of the brain engaged in a particular task is measured. This method works under the assumption that active nerve cells use up energy at a faster rate than do cells that are less active. As a result, more blood will need to flow into those active areas in order to bring more oxygen and glucose to the cells. If the blood contains a radioactive isotope (as in a PET study), more radioactivity will be detected in areas of the brain that were active during that period of time.
What is the greatest strength of the PET scan - Correct Ans: ✅ The greatest strength of PET scans is that they show metabolic activity of the brain. PET also allows researchers to measure the involvement of specific types of receptors (e.g., types of dopamine receptors) in different brain regions while people perform an experimental task
What is a drawback of PET scans? - Correct Ans: ✅ A drawback is that PET scans take a long time to acquire—at least two minutes— which is a problem when you want to see moment-by-moment activity of the brain.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (or fMRI) - Correct Ans: ✅ measures brain activity by detecting the influx of oxygen-rich blood into neural areas that were just active. Like PET scanning, fMRI can
produce an accurate image of the functional brain. However, its ease of use (and lack of radioactivity) has quickly made it one of the most influential research tools in modern psychology. If the patterns of activity deviate from normal patterns, then there may be cause for concern.
advantages of EEG/ERP - Correct Ans: ✅ Excellent temporal resolution (measures activity at the millisecond level); inexpensive
disadvantages of EEG/ERP - Correct Ans: ✅ Poor spatial resolution (does not give a picture of individual brain structures)
advantages of MEG - Correct Ans: ✅ Excellent temporal resolution (measures activity at the millisecond level)
advantages of PET - Correct Ans: ✅ Provides a picture of the whole brain (although not as clear as fMRI); allows researchers to examine activity related to specific neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine)
advantages of fMRI - Correct Ans: ✅ Excellent spatial resolution (clear images of brain structures)
disadvantages of MEG - Correct Ans: ✅ Poor spatial resolution (does not give a picture of individual brain structures)
disadvantages of PET - Correct Ans: ✅ Very poor temporal resolution (takes at least 2 minutes to scan the brain, often longer);
Jen wanted to measure the precise brain areas that were active when people experienced pain. Which neuroimaging method would
give her this information? - Correct Ans: ✅ 3. fMRI
Jason was interested in how people pay attention to more than one stimulus at the same time. He wanted to measure brain responses within the first half second after images were flashed on a computer screen. Which method(s) would allow him to answer his research
question? - Correct Ans: ✅ 4. ERP or MEG
Lynn was an epilepsy patient seeking treatment. Her seizures did not involve the muscle twitches typical of grand mal seizures. Instead, she would stop talking and stare blankly into the distance for 20- seconds (this is known as a petit mal seizure). Her neurologist wanted to use a neuroimaging method to detect when she was
having a seizure. Which one should she use? - Correct Ans: ✅ 1. EEG (It provides a continuous measure of
brain activity.)
sensation - Correct Ans: ✅ the process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those stimuli into neural signals
Perception - Correct Ans: ✅ involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense.
transduction - Correct Ans: ✅ when specialized receptors transform the physical energy of the outside world into neural impulses. These
neural impulses travel into the brain and influence the activity of different brain structures, which ultimately gives rise to our internal representation of the world.
Order of sensation to perception - Correct Ans: ✅ 1. Stimulus - Light, sound, smell, etc
- Sensory receptors - Eyes, ears, nose, etc
- Transduction
- Neural impulses
- Perception - Visual, auditory, olfactory areas
Johannes Müller - Correct Ans: ✅ different senses are separated in the brain. Is known as the doctrine of specific nerve energies.
sensory adaptation - Correct Ans: ✅ the reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus
psychophysics - Correct Ans: ✅ the field of study that explores how physical energy such as light and sound and their intensity relate to psychological experience.
absolute threshold - Correct Ans: ✅ that is, the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented
Studies using signal detection theory have shown that whether a person can accurately detect a weak stimulus appears to depend on
a number of factors - Correct Ans: ✅ First among these is the sensitivity of a person's sensory organs. in addition to these objective differences, are also a number of cognitive and emotional factors that influence how sensitive a person is to various sensory stimuli.These include expectations, psychological and autonomic- nervous-system arousal level, and motivation.
______ is the study of how physical events relate to psychological
perceptions of those events. - Correct Ans: ✅ D) Psychophysics
The minimum stimulation required to detect a stimulus is a(n) ______, whereas the minimum required to detect the difference
between two stimuli is a(n) ______. - Correct Ans: ✅ B) absolute threshold; difference threshold
Signal detection theory improves on simple thresholds by including
the influence of... - Correct Ans: ✅ A) psychological factors, such as expectations.
Walking on a crowded downtown sidewalk, Ben thinks he hears his name called, but when he turns around, he cannot find anyone who might be speaking to
him. In terms of signal detection theory, mistakenly believing he
heard his name is an example of a ______. - Correct Ans: ✅ D) false alarm
Is it reasonable to conclude that subliminal messages have a strong
effect on behaviour? - Correct Ans: ✅ B) No, although research shows they might have mild effects.
Gestalt psychology - Correct Ans: ✅ is an approach to perception that emphasizes that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." In other words, the individual parts of an image may have little meaning on their own, but when combined together, the whole takes on a significant perceived form
Gestalt principles of perception - Correct Ans: ✅ 1. objects or "figures" in our environment tend to stand out against a background. Gestalt psychologists refer to this basic perceptual rule as the figure- ground principle
- Proximity and similarity
- Continuity
- closure
Proximity and similarity - Correct Ans: ✅ two additional Gestalt principles that influence perception.We tend to treat two or more objects that are in close proximity to each other as a group. Similarity can be experienced by viewing groups of people in uniform, such as at the opening ceremony of the Vancouver Olympics
Continuity - Correct Ans: ✅ or "good continuation," refers to the perceptual rule that lines and other objects tend to be continuous, rather than abruptly changing direction.
Failure to notice particular stimuli when paying close attention to
others is known as ________. - Correct Ans: ✅ D) intentional blindness
While watching television, you see a report about a group of parents complaining that backward messages in music are making their children misbehave.According to research, you would tell these
parents that... - Correct Ans: ✅ B) there is no evidence that backward messages can be perceived unless people are told what to listen for.
There is no monster in the closet, and the girl is con dent that she
has not heard anything. - Correct Ans: ✅ Correct rejection. There is no monster in the closet, and the child is con dent that she has not heard anything.
There really are monsters in the closet, but the girl has not heard
them. - Correct Ans: ✅ Miss. There really are monsters in the closet, but the child has not heard them.
There really is a monster in the closet and she hears it. - Correct
Ans: ✅ Hit. There really is a monster in the closet.
There is no monster in the closet, but the girl insists
that she heard something. - Correct Ans: ✅ False alarm. There is no monster in the closet, but the child insists that she heard something.
what is the primary function of the eye? - Correct Ans: ✅ is to gather light and change it into an action potential
What does "light" actually refer to? - Correct Ans: ✅ "light" actually refers to radiation that occupies a relatively narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum
wavelength - Correct Ans: ✅ refers to the distance between peaks of a wave—differences in wavelength correspond to different colours on the electromagnetic spectrum
long wavelengths correspond to our perception of _____ _____ -
Correct Ans: ✅ reddish colours
Short wavelengths correspond to our perception of _____ _____ -
Correct Ans: ✅ bluish colours.
Amplitude - Correct Ans: ✅ Refers to the height of a wave. Low- amplitude waves are seen as dim colours, whereas high-amplitude waves are seen as bright colours.
hue - Correct Ans: ✅ colour of the spectrum
intensity - Correct Ans: ✅ brightness
photoreceptors - Correct Ans: ✅ These receptors are where light will be transformed into a neural signal that the brain can understand
ganglion cells - Correct Ans: ✅ gather up information from the photoreceptors; this information will then alter the rate at which the ganglion cells re
optic nerve - Correct Ans: ✅ The activity of all of the ganglion cells is then sent out of the eye through a dense bundle of fibres that connect to the brain which is the optic nerve
optic disc. - Correct Ans: ✅ area on the retina with no photoreceptors
blind spot - Correct Ans: ✅ a space in the retina that lacks photoreceptors.
two general types of photoreceptors - Correct Ans: ✅ rods and cones
Rods - Correct Ans: ✅ are photoreceptors that occupy peripheral regions of the retina; they are highly sensitive under low light levels. This type of sensitivity makes rods particularly responsive to black and grey.
cones - Correct Ans: ✅ are photoreceptors that are sensitive to the different wavelengths of light that we perceive as colour.
fovea - Correct Ans: ✅ the central region of the retina. Cones clustered around here
Interestingly, the ratio of ganglion cells to cones in the fovea is approximately____ to ____ ; in contrast, there are roughly ____ rods
for every ganglion cell - Correct Ans: ✅ one, one, 10
Dark adaptation - Correct Ans: ✅ is the process by which the rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination.
trichromatic theory (or Young-Helmholtz theory) - Correct Ans: ✅ maintains that colour vision is determined by three different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light.
opponent-process theory of colour perception - Correct Ans: ✅ which states that we perceive colour in terms of opposing pairs: red to green, yellow to blue, and white to black.
colour blindness - Correct Ans: ✅ Most forms of colour blindness affect the ability to distinguish between red and green. However, in most forms of colour blindness, one of these types of cones does not contain the correct protein (e.g., a "green cone" contains proteins
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) - Correct Ans: ✅ is specialized for processing visual information. Fibres from this nucleus send messages to the visual cortex, located in the occipital lobe, where the complex processes of visual perception begin.
feature detection cells - Correct Ans: ✅ these cells respond selectively to simple and specific aspects of a stimulus, such as angles and edges
ventral stream - Correct Ans: ✅ extends from the visual cortex to the lower part of the temporal lobe. This division of our visual system performs a critical function: object recognition. This region also gives that representation a name, such as "cat" or "dog."
dorsal stream - Correct Ans: ✅ extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe. The ventral stream identifies the object, and the dorsal stream locates it in space and allows you to interact with it
fusiform face area (FFA) - Correct Ans: ✅ This area appears to be specialized for recognizing upright faces. When faces are inverted, they become less "face-like" and responses in this brain region decrease.
perceptual constancy - Correct Ans: ✅ the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective
shape constancy - Correct Ans: ✅ we judge the angle of the object relative to our position
Colour constancy - Correct Ans: ✅ allows us to recognize an object's colour under varying levels of illumination.
Size constancy - Correct Ans: ✅ is based on judgments of how close an object is relative to one's position as well as to the positions of other objects.
Binocular depth cues - Correct Ans: ✅ are distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes.
convergence - Correct Ans: ✅ occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object.
retinal disparity (also called binocular disparity) - Correct Ans: ✅ the difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes, which pro- vides information to the brain about depth
stereoscopic vision - Correct Ans: ✅ results from overlapping visual fields. The brain can use the difference between the information provided by the left and right eye to make a judgment about the distance of the objects being viewed.
