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PSYC 101 Final Exam 2025 (Newest Exam) |
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How common is DLD in early childhood education? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------Nearly 1 in 14 children in Kindergarten are diagnosed with DLD, highlighting its prevalence in early childhood education settings. What are some diagnostic indicators of DLD? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --Indicators include difficulty with non-word syllable repetition (e.g., "Dee da do"), slow initiation times, variable speech patterns, and challenges in responding to questions. What does treatment for DLD involve? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Treatment targets both expressive and receptive language skills, including phonological skills, vocabulary, morphological and syntactic skills, narrative skills, and meta-linguistic skills, using continuous and comprehensive therapeutic interventions. What are the long-term outcomes for young adults with DLD? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------While young adults with DLD have similar employment rates compared to their peers, they may experience longer periods of unemployment and often occupy lower-paying jobs, highlighting the need for ongoing support.
What is DLD Profile Modeling, according to Tomas & Vissers (2019)? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Impairments in perception, attention, and executive function, which together impair language development and social interaction. How do individual differences impact the profile of DLD? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The heterogeneity of DLD profiles is believed to stem from individual differences in cognitive abilities such as working memory and executive function, affecting the severity and nature of language impairments. What is attachment, and why is it important in child development? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Attachment is the enduring emotional bond formed between a caregiver and a child, crucial for the child's social and emotional development. It provides the foundation for healthy psychological growth and the ability to form stable relationships. How did John Watson's behaviorist advice contrast with later views on parenting? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------John Watson advocated for strict schedules and minimal emotional contact, suggesting that showing affection could harm a child's future success. This view was later challenged by experts like Dr. Benjamin Spock, who emphasized the importance of emotional care and trusting parental instincts.
What is the "A-not-B" error? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The "A-not-B" error is a mistake made by infants where they search for an object in its initial hiding place (A) even after seeing it moved to a new location (B), indicating a developing understanding of object permanence. How do competence and performance differ in infants' cognitive development? -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Competence is an infant's knowledge or cognitive abilities, affected by motor skills and task understanding. Describe the developmental sequence in object retrieval tasks observed in infants. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 5 - 12 months, initially requiring partial visibility and eventually retrieving objects regardless of visibility or position How do experiments involving the occluder (blocker) contribute to our understanding of infant object permanence? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --Such experiments test if infants expect objects to behave consistently with basic physical principles, revealing that even young infants show surprise when objects violate expectations What challenges do researchers face in interpreting infants' understanding of object permanence? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Distinguishing between infants' cognitive understanding and their ability to physically respond or
indicate awareness presents a challenge, highlighting the gap between competence and performance in cognitive development research. Sensory motor stage ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Birth-2 years. Learns through senses/actions. Develops object permanence. Pre-operational Stage ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 2 - 7 years. Symbolic thinking, language use. Lacks operational thought. Concrete Operational Stage ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 7 - 11 years. Logical thinking about concrete events. Understands conservation. Formal Operational Stage ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------12 years and up. Abstract and logical thinking. Uses deductive reasoning. What is rational inference in infant learning? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --Rational inference involves babies making causal inferences about their environment, such as deducing the contents of a box from a sample of marbles.
behavior, showing they can interpret actions in terms of goals and predict future actions based on these interpretations. Impact of Motor Experience on Infant Development ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------Early motor experiences, like using Velcro mittens, can enhance infants' understanding of goal-directed actions and improve their motor skills. Moral Intuitions in Infants ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Infants have basic moral intuitions, demonstrating simple understandings of good and bad actions from a very young age. Experiment with Toddlers' Helping Behavior ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- Toddlers spontaneously help others without expecting rewards, showing natural pro-social tendencies from a young age. Importance of Executive Function in Children ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---Executive function is vital for planning, attention control, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory Delaying Gratification and Its Significance ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- The ability to delay gratification, such as resisting eating a marshmallow, is linked to better outcomes in academic success, social competence, and planning skills.
Gopnick and Meltzoff's Visual Perspective Study ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------This experiment tested 2- and 3-year-olds' ability to hide objects from an experimenter's view, revealing a developmental shift in understanding visual perspectives around age 3. Understanding Deception and Smart Competition ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------With brain development, children acquire an instinct for smart competition and an understanding of others' minds, crucial for deception. Henry Wellman's Theory on Understanding Others ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------Wellman proposes children have an initial framework for understanding others that expands with age, particularly understanding of beliefs from ages 3 to
Imaginary Friends and Cognitive Development ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----Having imaginary friends is linked to positive cognitive development, contrary to previous beliefs of psychological issues. Development of Deception Skills in Children ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- Around age 2 to 3, children develop the ability to understand deception and hiding objects
What is Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------DLD refers to long-term difficulties in language processing, including understanding concepts, vocabulary, syntax, and forming responses, persisting past the typical developmental timeline without apparent brain abnormalities, intellectual disability, or hearing impairments. What is the Herodotus story, and what is its significance in developmental psychology? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ancient Egyptian tale ( BCE) involving an emperor who experimented with two infants raised w/out language to discover the innate nature of the Phrygian language. What was the outcome of the Herodotus story? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Infants' use of the word "Beccos" (bread) suggested an innate language but validity concerns state that the babies learned it by overhearing the word. What are controlled rearing studies? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Due to ethical limits, experiments isolate subjects from certain stimuli to study developmental outcomes, often in animals. Key findings from Richard Held's kitten experiments? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Depth perception development requires visual experience and movement, shown through the visual cliff task
Ethical considerations in developmental studies? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Prevents direct human experimentation, with natural experiments offering insights into development w/out certain stimuli. Impact of visual deprivation on object recognition post-sight restoration, according to Pavan Sinhad's study? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Individuals long deprived of sight require time to integrate newly acquired visual information with other senses like touch for object recognition. How does the case of Victoria of Aviron illustrate the effects of extreme human deprivation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Raised by wolves, Victoria exemplifies the profound impact of lacking human culture and language exposure during critical developmental stages. Significance of Genie's case in studying deprivation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------Genie's severe neglect underscores the difficulties and ethical dilemmas in researching the impacts of extreme deprivation on language and emotional development. What does Genie's case reveal about about language acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Genie's struggle with language despite interventions supports the Critical Period Hypothesis, suggesting a finite window for acquiring language skills naturally.
Critiques of Freudian psychology? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Freud's focus on sexuality and lack of empirical evidence, along with the untestable nature of many of his claims, has drawn criticism. Noam Chomsky's Challenge to Behaviorism ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Chomsky advocated for the study of the mind and innate language structures in the 1940s and '50s, sparking debates on the nature of language development. Little Albert Study and Fear Learning ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------John Watson's Little Albert study aimed to demonstrate that fears could be learned through environmental experiences. The Role of Genetics and Environment in Schizophrenia ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------Both genetic predispositions and environmental factors, such as growing up in a troubled home, influence the development of schizophrenia. What is prenatal development, and why is it significant? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Prenatal development examines how experiences before birth affect later life, highlighting the critical impact of the fetal environment on lifelong health and development. What does the concept of "the first nine months shape the rest of your life" suggest? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It suggests that fetal origin is
crucial, proposing that conditions and experiences in the womb have profound, lasting effects on health, behavior, and predispositions. How did early thinkers conceptualize prenatal development? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------They believed in only quantitative changes before birth, with some theories proposing preformationism—where babies exist fully formed in sperm or eggs. What modern concept has replaced early views on prenatal development? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Modern science understands prenatal development as epigenesis, a qualitative change where complex structures and functions develop from a simple beginning. What is cryptic female choice in fertilization? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---A process where the egg may influence sperm selection through chemical signals. Explain trisomy and its impact on development. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Trisomy is the presence of an extra chromosome in a pair, leading to conditions like Down Syndrome. It can significantly affect development and health.
Role of EEG and ERP in studying infant perception? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------These neural measures track the brain's electrical activity in response to visual stimuli, providing insights into how infants process visual information Importance of evolutionary and developmental biology in understanding prenatal development? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It merges concepts of evolution and development to explore how genetic and environmental factors interact to shape the developmental processes from conception onwards. Significance of studying perceptual experience in third-trimester fetuses? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Hearing and taste in utero How do auditory preferences in newborns demonstrate prenatal learning? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Newborns show preferences for sounds heard in utero, such as their mother's voice or familiar stories What's the difference between sensation and perception? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sensation is the process of receiving information from the external world Perception involves organizing and interpreting this sensory information to make sense of the world.
How does the brain process visual perception? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----The brain interprets visual input through complex computations, making educated guesses about the world. What is instinct blindness? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It is underestimating the complexity of tasks that seem instinctive, masking their cognitive demands How is infant perception studied? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Infant perception is explored through looking time methods like preferential looking and habituation, revealing systematic preferences in what infants pay attention to. What does preferential looking reveal about infant vision? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------By measuring how long infants look at different images, researchers can determine if infants can differentiate between them. How do researchers test infant visual acuity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --By presenting babies with images of stripes versus gray shapes and adjusting the stripe width, scientists assess at what point infants can't distinguish patterns, revealing their visual acuity.
The Mozart Effect Myth ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Misinterpretations of a study on music and cognitive performance led to the myth that listening to Mozart enhances intelligence in babies. Inter-modal Perception in Infants ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Infants demonstrate early ability to integrate information across sensory modalities, such as recognizing objects by touch and sight. Study Setup for Testing Inter-modal Perception ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Infants, seated on their mother's lap, look at two monitors displaying different images, revealing preferences through their gaze duration. What is the core idea of Piaget's Stage Theory? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Suggests that children progress through four stages of cognitive development; starting with basic motor reflexes and advancing to complex logical thinking. What is object permanence and its significance in cognitive development? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when invisible.
IQ's Predictive Power ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------IQ scores predict about 25% of the variation in academic success and have varied predictive power for job success, longevity, and other life outcomes. Stability of IQ Scores Over Time ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------IQ scores show considerable stability across different ages, with a correlation of 0. between IQ at age 5 and age 15, though the average change can be 13 points between ages 4 and 17. Genetic Influence on IQ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Genetics plays a significant role in determining IQ, explaining about half of the variation in IQ scores among middle-class Americans, with heritability increasing into adulthood. Environmental Impact on IQ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The environment, including factors like schooling and nutritional status, can significantly influence IQ scores, especially when transitioning from deprived to enriched environments. Mindsets and Intelligence ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------People's mindsets about intelligence, whether fixed or growth-oriented, can significantly impact learning outcomes and the ability to improve cognitive skills.
