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1. Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes
and our environment on our individual differences? Ans>> behavior genetics
2. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how...
Ans>> people encode, process, store, and retrieve information
3. Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pres-
sures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) perspective.
PSYC 101 Final Exam
Expected Questions and Verified Answers
Ans>> social-cultural
4. According to Freud, the unconscious is ...
Ans>> the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware
5. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that
strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the ... Ans>> id
6. When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather,
he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a ... Ans>> strong ego
7. Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly
protective
10. Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term
Ans>> inferiority complex
11. Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the
collective unconscious in personality development? Ans>> Jung
12. A major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that ...
Ans>> only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity
13. Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most
clearly challenge Freud's concept of Ans>> repression
14. The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of
Ans>> individual free will
15. Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential
have satisfied the need for Ans>> self-actualization
16. Humanistic psychologist would most likely be criticized for underestimat-
ing the value of Ans>> social obligations
Ans>> -
depth perception
23. Retinal disparity refers to the
Ans>> somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object
24. The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another
object is perceived as closer is Ans>> interposition
25. Of two identical horizontal bars in the Ponzo illusion, the bar that is
Ans>> higher in the visual field appears to be longer because it appears to be farther away
26. Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the
Ans>> sensory re- ceptors
27. During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of
intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's Ans>> absolute threshold
28. The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion
for their difference to be perceived is known as Ans>> Weber's law
29. Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the
curvature and thickness of the Ans>> lens
33. The sense of smell is known as
Ans>> olfaction
34. Our shifting perceptions of a Necker cube best illustrate the importance of
Ans>> top-down processing
35. Punishment the rate of operant responding, and negative rein-
forcement the rate of operant responding. Ans>> decreases; increases
36. The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences.
This best illustrates that emotional states can become Ans>> retrieval cues
37. Our assumptions about the past often influence the manner in which
informations is retrieved from long-term memory. The fact is most relevant to to appreciating the importance of Ans>> memory construction
38. After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arnold cannot
form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. His memory difficulty most clearly illustrates Ans>> anterograde amnesia
39. During her evening Spanish language exam, Janice so easily remembers the
French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates Ans>> proactive interfer- ence
40. Proactive interference refers to the
Ans>> the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
41. A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on
unpre- dictable occasions. This best illustrates Ans>> partial reinforcement
42. At a block party, Cindi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments
later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates Ans>> the serial position effect
43. Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember
more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of Ans>> chunking
This best illustrates the limited capacity of memory. Ans>> short-term
46. Mike so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he
finds it difficult to recalls new girlfriend's number. Mike's difficulty best illustrates Ans>> proactive interfernece
47. Herman Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at we forget newly
learned information is initially Ans>> rapid and subsequently slows down
48. Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in
short- term memory and refer to it as memory. Ans>> working
49. If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner
box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a reinforcer. Ans>> conditioned
50. In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him
with
praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as Ans>> shaping
51. The process of encoding refers to
Ans>> getting information into memory
52. Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called
memory. Ans>> short-term
53. The process of getting information out of memory is called
Ans>> retrieval
54. Some information in our fleeting is encoded into short-term
memory. Ans>> sensory memory
55. The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list
better than the middle items is known as the effect. Ans>> serial position
61. Brown and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term
memories for three consonants almost completely decay in about Ans>> 20 sec.
62. "The Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two" refers to the
storage capacity of memory. Ans>> short-term
63. After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed
that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This illustrates the impact of on recall. Ans>> retrieval cues
64. Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly
learned information is initially Ans>> rapid and subsequently slows down
65. After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a
study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent
Ans>> rehearsal
66. Research on memory construction indicates that
Ans>> false memories often feel as real as true memories
67. A murder investigation is going on at the resort where you are vacationing.
The police are asking you for your alibi. What kind of memory do you need to provide the alibi? Ans>> episodic
68. The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously
learned information is called Ans>> retroactive interference
69. Remembering the phone number 217 - 1999 as your birthday (Feb. 17,
- is an example of Ans>> chunking
70. State dependence means that information is easier to remember when-
Ans>> people are in the same physiological state as they were when they learned the material
71. Frank needed to call the local department store to see if his order was in.
He found the telephone number in his notebook, mentally rehearsed the number, found his
apparently retained very little of the events that have occurred after the injury. She suffers from Ans>> anterograde amnesia
74. Jonathan drank several cups of coffee while he was studying
for his midterm exam. All other factors being equal, he is most likely to remember the material he studied if he Ans>> drinks several cups of coffee
75. Roger was bicycling to class when his brakes failed and he crashed into a
building. When he came to, he could not remember the events prior to his accident. Roger was experiencing Ans>> retroactive interference
76. Andy studied for his psychology exam. He then studied for his history exam.
After studying for the history exam, Andy found that he had forgotten most of the psychology material he had studied previously. The best explanation for his forgetting is Ans>> retroactive inter- ference
77. Better recall of the first few words of a list from long-term memory is called the
effect Ans>> recency
78. Conditioning is the process of
Ans>> learning associations
79. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by
Ans>> Pavlov
80. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
Ans>> sweating in hot weather
81. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was
a(n) Ans>> unconditioned response
82. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of
the tone was a(n) Ans>> conditioned response
83. A child's learned fear of the mere sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
Ans>> con- ditioned response
84. If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated
with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n) Ans>> conditioned stimulus
85. A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of a lakeshore property
