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PSYC 185 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS!!
In the chapter 1 experiment on pregnant rats, what are the designated groups of the study? - ANSWER Group C, Group E, PF Group (pair fed)
With regards to the experiment on pregnant rats, the dependent variable was - ANSWER The time the rat took to find the platform again
In selection, "the scope of psychology," William James was focused on - ANSWER The brain and the consciousness
In selection 2, "psychology as the behaviorist views it," Watson's philosophy of psychology was focused on: - ANSWER The objective measurement of behavior
In selection 5 by Sperry "hemisphere deconnection and unity in concious awareness," deconnection refers to - ANSWER Cutting the corpus callosum and commissures
According to "hemisphere deconnection," an individual who has undergone this procedure will insist that he has not seen anything or that there was a flash of light if visual material is projected into his right visual field. True or False? - ANSWER False
In a true experiment, the control group is sometimes given a pill containing no active ingredients. This is known as a - ANSWER Placebo
With respect to audition, what bone in the Middle ear is attached to the oval window? - ANSWER Stirrup
The tympanic membrane is also called the - ANSWER Eardrum
Selection 7 in the large text delineated various categories of antidepressants and their chemical pathways. One of the psychotropic medications we discussed was Prozac. Prozac belongs to a class of antidepressants known as the SSRI's. Which prescription medications belongs in that same category (Paxil, OxyContin, Ritalin, Desipramine, Ativan)? - ANSWER Paxil
In selection 10, "pattern vision in newborn infants," the infants second preference (what they gazed at for a second longest duration of time) among the patterns displayed was?
In the above experiment, the fixation time started as soon as one or both eyes of the infant were directed towards the target. True or False? - ANSWER True
If a psychotic individual experiencing auditory hallucinations had a brain scan, researchers would report extensive activity in what lobe of cerebral cortex? - ANSWER Occipital
Evolutionary psychologists contend that psychological adaptations should ultimately have functioned to - ANSWER Promote reproductive success in our ancestors
Dizygotic twins share the same amount of DNA as - ANSWER Regular siblings ( percent shared DNA)
What part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body in a stressful emergency (also known as a fight or flight situation)? - ANSWER Sympathetic nervous system
Identify the word that I'm defining here: thoroughly and rigorously tests the correctness of its hypothesis. Appropriateness of control conditions, operational definitions, and sample representativeness are examples to consider when evaluating this term. The word I'm describing is - ANSWER Internal validity
There is a correlation between the number of hours a student studies and his or her GPA. Specifically, as the number of hours of studying increase, their GPA increases. This last statement is an example of a positive correlation. True or False? - ANSWER True
According to chapter 4, "zipping up the genes", behavioral genetic research involving twin studies has demonstrated significant heritability's for various personality traits and characteristics. According to chapter 4, what has been demonstrated to be influenced by genes? - ANSWER Susceptibility to depression, aggression, how individuals cope with stress and perfectionism
Regarding innate, biological predispositions influencing personality development, consider this statement. "Evidence suggests that the heritability of characteristics increases as people age." True or False? - ANSWER True
There is a correlation between air temperature and money spent on heating and air-conditioning. Specifically, as the air temperature decreases, the money spent on air conditioning decreases. This last statement is an example of a positive correlation. True or False? - ANSWER True
Fantz (selection 10), concluded from his visual pattern study that - ANSWER Newborn infants prefer patterned objects over plain ones
What is true about correlational research? - ANSWER The researcher does not manipulate the variables, and you cannot imply causation from correlational research
I discussed neural-anatomy and the four lobes contained in the cerebral cortex. The lobe that contains the primary somatosensory cortex and contains the touch receptors is the - ANSWER Parietal lobe
The term "hypothesis" is used to indicate that the findings of a measure or an entire study can be generalized to the real world and do not merely apply to a contrived laboratory experiment. True or False? - ANSWER False
Name the visual receptors that are responsible for our ability to see in brightly lit situations and to have color vision. They are located in dense concentrations in the fovea. I am referring to - ANSWER Cones
The snail-shaped, fluid filled chamber in the inner ear is the - ANSWER Cochlea
A part of the hindbrain that has to do with regulating unconscious processes such as breathing and heart rate is the - ANSWER Medulla
With respect to selection 5 titled, "hemisphere deconnection and unity in concious awareness," what was the ultimate goal in this brain surgery? - ANSWER Reduce severe seizures in epileptic patients
With respect to selection 8 titled, "environment and genes: determinants of behavior" what is EAS refer to? - ANSWER Emotionality, activity, and sociability
According to Barry L. Jacob, author of selection 7 titled, "serotonin, motor activity, and depression-related disorders, he finds in his research that the factor that is NOT influenced by the neurotransmitter serotonin is - ANSWER Memory
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus making it more likely that a preceding behavior will occur again describes - ANSWER Negative reinforcement
After little Albert was classically conditioned, the white day became a - ANSWER Conditioned stimulus
With respect to chapter 8 in the small text titled "I do", what type of research design was this study? - ANSWER Within subjects design
With respect to chapter 8 in the small text titled "I Do", identify the independent variable below. - ANSWER Whether the child watched the edited video
We watched a video titled "mnemonic strategies in memory". When subjects are undergoing a MRI and trying to associate the meaning, what two lobes were mentioned as being activated? - ANSWER Temporal and frontal
According To the video titled, "mnemonic strategies in memory", the male researcher who has been studying memory for years said that approximately one percent of individuals have a photographic memory. True or False? - ANSWER False
With respect to chapter 6 titled, "being sick of the hospital", I discussed how the researchers assessed the participants anxiety level. Identify the two tools that were utilized to measure their anxiety? - ANSWER STAI and VAS
According to sigmund Freud, the purpose of dreams is to - ANSWER Act as wish fulfillments
In banduras bono doll study, the children in the treatment group were more likely to pick up the toy gun and point it at the Bobo doll. This group brandished this toy gun more because - ANSWER Weapons effect
According to chapter 8 in the small text, titled "I Do" identify the statement below that correctly reflects the results from this study. (1. For four children, the results were too slight to be considered important, 2. Two children improved their non-modeled behavior more than one that was self modeled, 3. For one child, the results were too slight to be considered important. 4. One child improved his non-modeled behavior more than the one that was self modeled. 5. Three children improved their non modeled behavior more than the one that was self modeled) - ANSWER One child improved his non modeled behavior more than the one that was self modeled
In selection 20, leading questions and the eyewitness report, a study was conducted where participants watched a film of automobile accidents. When they were asked, "about how fast were the cars going when they 'smashed' into each other" this consistently elicited a higher rate of speed than when "contacted" was used instead. True or False? - ANSWER True
As discussed in lecture, Ronald Cotton was convicted twice of a crime he did not commit. His two convictions were attributed to - ANSWER Faulty eyewitness testimony
A sleep disorder where the individual has an irresistible urge to fall asleep is - ANSWER Narcolepsy
Recall the video we watched of the female law professor about to begin her class. When this professor stated that she didn't think she could remember anything about the "suspect" other than his "odd shaped nose". One student retained this information and this is an example of - ANSWER Misinformation effect
Nicotine, Adderall, Ritalin, caffeine and methamphetamine are all categorized as hallucinogens. True or False? - ANSWER False
If an individual suffered brain damage that resulted in an inability to remember information or events that came after brain damage, this would be an example of - ANSWER Anterograde amnesia
Chapter 5 in our large text is titled, "learning". Identify the statement below that correctly identifies the theorists with the proper theory he supported: [1.) Pavlov- Modeling and Thorndike- Classical conditioning, 2.) Watson- operant conditioning and Bandura- operant conditioning, 3.) Skinner- operant conditioning and Bandura- social learning theory, 4.) Thorndike- social learning theory and Watson- social learning theory, 5.) Skinner- operant conditioning and Watson- social learning theory] - ANSWER Skinner- operant conditioning and Bandura- social learning theory
sleep apnea - ANSWER A sleep disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp
If an individual wanted to teach a hungry rat to press a lever, what steps would he/ she implement? Invariably, the rat will initially wander around the box in an arbitrary manner, exploring its environment. In order for this hungry rat to press a specific lever, skinner would need to - ANSWER Use successive approximations to reinforce small gains toward the desired behavior such as turning toward he lever, walking toward it , and eventually pressing it.
Hypothalamus
With respect to Sigmund Freuds theory of dreaming, he is most interested in the unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream. This is referred to as the - ANSWER Latent meaning
Regarding chapter 12 titled, "kids say the darndest things", the percent of false allegations for the 3-4 year olds in the stereotype group during the free narrative was - ANSWER 0%
Video self-modeling (VSM) would be most closely related to what type of learning? - ANSWER Social learning theory
Regarding chapter 8 in the small text titled, "I Do", models were shown to be readily imitated if they had certain characteristics or attributes. Identify which of the following was NOT one of the characteristics listed in our text: [A.) intelligent, B.) Personally warm, C.) Enviable, D.) Powerful, E.) Celebrities] - ANSWER Intelligent
The belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation ("I am feeling sad because I am crying"). This is an explanation of a theory of emotion. Name that theorist - ANSWER James-Lange
We read a selection that identified six affect categories that are recognized by a wide variety of cultures. "Happy" was one of those emotions that could be recognized by facial expressions. Which of the following is NOT one of the emotions that are universally discerned from facial expressions? [A) Fear, B) Anger, C) Sadness, D) Loneliness, E) Disgust-Contempt] - ANSWER Loneliness
If a female has a sexual relationship with another male, her husband or boyfriend would be more jealous about this than if she had an emotional bond with another male. This is an explained through a theory called - ANSWER Paternity uncertainties
In this same chapter, "mad about you" , researchers measure physiological arousal through three different areas. They were electrodermal activity, pulse rate, and
electromyographic activity. The independent variable for this particular study was - ANSWER Three different situations participants were told to imagine (neutral, sexual infidelity, and emotional infidelity).
Regarding selection 22 titled, "teachers expectancy: determinants of pupils IQ gains", the students predicted to bloom academically in the study were selected by - ANSWER A table of random numbers
outcome expectancy - ANSWER A person estimate that a given behavior will lead to a certain outcome
With respect to Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation, he categorizes sex as a 'love need'. True or False? - ANSWER False
With regards to lying, often individuals wanting to detect if someone is lying focus on the wrong cues. The most revealing cue according to the research that has been compiled on this subject is an individuals voice. It tends to rise in pitch and the number of speech hesitations increase when some is lying. True or False? - ANSWER True
The individual that developed the cognitive dissonance theory is Leon Festinger. True or False? - ANSWER True
Regarding the theory of self efficacy, which one of the following is NOT an important source of efficacy expectations as described by its creator? [A) performance accomplishments, B) vicarious experiences, C) Emotional arousal, D) Modeling Opportunity, E) Genetic expectancy] - ANSWER Genetic expectancy
overjustification effect - ANSWER The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors
The American psychologist who developed an assessment tool to quantify IQ know as the 'W.A.I.S.'? - ANSWER David Wechsler
With respect to selection 22 "teachers expectancies: determinants of pupils IQ gains", the authors found that students randomly selected as showing potential for intellectual gain actually - ANSWER Increased their IQ scores
Regarding selection 28 titled, "pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion", which of the following cultures was NOT studied by the authors: [A)United states, B)Germany, C)New Guinea, D)Japan, E)Borneo] - ANSWER Germany
We read a selection from our large text titled, "work: who does not like it and why". This selection addressed the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. If an individual aspired to be a physician because they find it rewarding to help people and to challenge themself, this would be an example of: - ANSWER Intrinsic motivation
If an individual has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 38, this is categorized as "severe retardation". True or False? - ANSWER True
What best describes an individual with an IQ of 115? - ANSWER One standard deviation above the mean
According to Sternberg, which one of the following is NOT an element of intimacy? [A) communication, B) sharing, C) experience of happiness, D)valuing the loved one, E)sexual passion] - ANSWER Sexual passion
With respect to our lecture on intelligence and various categories of intellectual disability (formerly known as mental retardation), which category or grade is most prevalent? - ANSWER Mild
In chapter 15 titled, "mad about you", identify the most accurate statement regarding the study 1 & 2: [A)the results of the study 1 were inconsistent and contradictory to the results of study 2, B)study 2 indicated males would be more jealous if their female partner had an emotional bond with another male which was incongruent with study 1, C)the physiological measures in study 2 were higher for the females when their male partner had a sexual relationship with another woman than if they had an emotional attachment, D)there was a lack of consistency and reliability with the results of both
studies, E)both studies yielded similar results and demonstrated reliability] - ANSWER Both studies yielded similar results and demonstrated reliability
Piaget studies children's behavior and his studies demonstrate that children progress through different stages of cognitive development. Depending on the age of the child, if they are initially shown two separate but equal amounts of clay, as one is equal rolled into some obviously different shape, the child may be challenged by this. Two equal quantities of water in different shaped containers can also illustrate this experiment. This is an example of - ANSWER Conservation
According to Piaget, the ability to think abstractly occurs in which of his cognitive stages? - ANSWER Formal
According to the selection titled, "work: who does not like it and why", which of the following would most likely promote intrinsic motivation? [A)money, B)praise or compliments, C)threats, D)negative verbal feedback, E)a gift such as a watch] - ANSWER Praise or compliments
Regarding selection 28 titled, "pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotions", what was the main research finding in Emmanuel, Sorenson, and Friesen's study? - ANSWER Detecting emotion through facial expressions universally
We read chapter 11 titled, "adolescents will be adolescents " which examined the sexual orientation of parents of adolescents. Specifically, both same-sex male parents and same-sex lesbian parents were examined in this study. True or False? - ANSWER False
With respect to IQ assessment, identify the standard deviation? - ANSWER +/- 15
Piaget originally believed that the concept of object permanence was achieved at around 9 months of age. It was stated in lecture that new researchers have determined that object permanence is achieved as early as what age? - ANSWER 4 months of age
With respect to cognitive dissonance theory, the theory purports that when we have discrepant thoughts (cognitions) that create cognitive dissonance, that we are
Lazarus studies stress and "daily hassles" and how they can affect an individuals health. Lazarus did not examine how ones cognitions could affect dealing with a "stressful situation". True or False? - ANSWER False
According to Hanz Selye, complete freedom from stress is - ANSWER Death
According to Freuds structural model of the mind, this is the last personality structure to develop and it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a persons parents, teachers, and other important figures. - ANSWER Superego
Regarding chapter 19 in our small book titled, "going to pot", the subjects in the study were about two-thirds Hispanic, one-quarter White, and one-twelfth Asian-American. True or False? - ANSWER False
Lazarus examines how little hassles we all experience everyday can have major effects on our ability to successfully adjust. According to his selection in our large text, which of the following is correct: [A)Lazarus only studied how common, daily hassles contribute to stress., B)He studied how common daily hassles contribute to stress and he looked at pleasant daily uplifts that make one feel good, C)he believed the daily hassles of life proved no threat to our health, D)he believed it was the infrequent, but major stressors that were most detrimental to our health.] - ANSWER He studied how common daily hassles contribute to stress and he looked at pleasant daily uplifts that make one feel good.
We discussed stress and how it can manifest itself psychologically and somatically. The HPA-Axis denotes - ANSWER (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal Cortex)
The stress hormone cortisol only has negative effects on the body. True or False? - ANSWER False
We discussed Selye's General adaptation Syndrome. The second stage is - ANSWER Resistance
Regarding Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, the stage where sympathetic nervous system arousal is on the increase describes what stage? - ANSWER Alarm reaction stage
According to Julian B. Rotter who wrote "external control and internal control", which one of the following is NOT correct: [A)Lower socioeconomic children tend to be internal, B)Ute Indians tend to be external, C)High achievement school children tend to be internal, D)Hospitals patients who know many details about their medical problems are internal, E)none of the above] - ANSWER Lower socioeconomic children tend to be internal
Regarding language acquisition, one individual we discussed believed all humans have a "language acquisition device". This is a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language. This individual contended that humans are born with an innate linguistic capability that emerges primarily as a function of maturation. This individual is - ANSWER Noam Chomsky
Regarding attachment styles, name the following style. "I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away". This describes an - ANSWER Anxious attachment style
According to Mary Ainsworth, babies who rarely cry when separated from their mothers and who often ignore their mothers when reunited would be called - ANSWER Avoidant
Mary Ainsworth's standard laboratory situation used to assess attachment in infants is called - ANSWER The strange situation
According to our selection titled "the stages of the intellectual development of the child" by Piaget, it mentions that when a child experiences an external disturbance, he or she compensates for it through what? - ANSWER Equilibration
We discussed a study titled "going to pot". What kind of study was this? - ANSWER Longitudinal study
According to Freud and his structural mode of the mind, this is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irritation all impulses. He refers to this as the - ANSWER ID
We read a selection titled, "puzzles in the study of daily hassles" by Richard S. Lazarus. According to Lazarus, _____________ appraisal is concerned with transactions in which there are personal investments, whereas __________________ appraisal concerns the resources and options for dealing with the stress. - ANSWER Primary; Secondary
According to Freuds psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements would accurately describe it?: [A)unconscious forces act as determinants of personality, B)theory focuses on the consciousness, C)identify cognitive distortions and challenge them, D)focuses on bonding issues with primary caregiver, E)none of the above] - ANSWER Unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
Chapter 19 titled, "going to pot", examined personality characteristics of subjects from an early age and again, at age 18. Which of the following most closely summarized the findings?: [A)the 'abstainers' were most well adjusted, B)experimenting with drugs is beneficial because it makes you more social, C)abstainers and frequent users had no similarity in personality characteristics, D)patterns of drug use among subjects was associated with personality differences, and these differences have deep roots that extend back into childhood, E)regardless of if they were abstainers, experimenters, or frequent users, none of their individual personality characteristics were stable over time.] - ANSWER Patterns of drug use among subjects was associated with personality differences have deep roots that extend back into childhood
Identify two operant conditioning proponents who would support that language is acquired primarily through reinforcement? - ANSWER Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner
The "nail that sticks out gets pounded down" is aligned with the independent, individualistic, western culture orientation. True or False? - ANSWER False
According to Richard S. Lazarus who wrote" puzzles in the study of daily hassles", over time, the frequency and intensity of hassles can be used to explain what? - ANSWER
Health
Which of the following is NOT one of Jean Piaget's stages of intellectual development?: [A)concrete operations, B)imaginary operations, C)sensorimotor, D)formal, E)preoperational] - ANSWER Imaginary operations
Regarding chapter 19 in our small text titled, "going to pot", identify which group is most representative of adolescents in the United States. - ANSWER Experimenters
According to Jean Piaget, the cognitive stage where a child understands and is able to grasp the concept of conservation, transpires in which stage? - ANSWER Concrete stage
I lectured on various theories explaining how one acquired language. If an individual believed that innate, biological predispositions AND the role of the environment are both influential in developing the ability to speak, this is known as a - ANSWER Interactionist perspective
Regarding selection 36 titled, "culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation," the terms collective, holistic, and relational best describes the ___________________ construal of self, according to Markus and Kitayama? - ANSWER Interdependent
Regarding Noam Chomsky, with respect to the acquisition of language, what theoretical viewpoint does he support? - ANSWER Biological perspective
Regarding Sigmund Freud's structural model of the mind, which construct is the first to develop? - ANSWER ID
Therapeutic alliance - ANSWER (Working alliance), developing repot in a certain comfort level in a therapy situation to foster disclosure and truth.
Transference - ANSWER (Client — >Therapist); when a client unconsciously transfers
