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PSYC 185 MIDTERM 3 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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Levine's 3 goals of parents
- survival
- economic
- cultural
parenting goals are universal but parenting practices differ
socialization the process by which children acquire the standards, values, and knowledge of their society
temperament patterns of responsivity and associated emotional states
tend to be stable over time
intitiative vs guilt (Erik Erikson stage #3) 3-6 years
children face challenge of continuing to declare their autonomy but in ways that begin to conform to the standards of society.
identification children try to look, act, feel, and be like significant people in their social environment
affiliative behaviors behavior involving seeking and establishing friendly contact with peers
gender segregation preference of girls to play with girls and boys to play with boys
gender identity personal sense of self as boy or girl
gender roles sets of beliefs about how genders should behave
modeling process by which children observe and imitate individuals of the same sex as themselves
differential reinforcement process by which girls and boys are rewarded for engaging in ways that are considered gender appropriate in their culture.
ethnic socialization (2 forms) cultural socialization: emphasizes ethnic heritage and pride
preparation for bias: emphasizes awareness of racial bias and ways to cope with it,
"house" "family"
display rules informal conventions regarding whether, how, and under what circumstances emotions should be expressed (masking true feelings)
between 2-6 yrs (learn strategies to control feelings)
3 types of aggression 1.) physical: hitting (~18 mo: normative hitting increases until age 2 or 3 --> perspective taking) 2.) verbal: name-calling 3.) relational: gossiping 4.) instrumental: pushing competing essay under desk
Piaget's Vignettes story where child has to determine right or wrong.
- first boy broke 15 cups
- second boy broke 1 cup
- is one boy naughtier than the other? 1st
How to co-regulate provide warm and supportive relationship, structure environment, teach + model skills
Moral world developing sense of self children learn rules/ standards for behavior
emotional regulation develops gradually over childhood set of conscious and unconscious efforts
initiating, inhibiting, modulating
co-regulation caregiver is supporting (comfort or distraction)
- interactive
- looks different at different times
self-soothing/ comforting repetitive, mild physical sensation
ie. sucking thumb
distraction ie. looking away from the overwhelming stimulus
4 types of self-regulation
- emotional regulation
- co-regulation
- self-soothing/ comforting
- distraction
2 stages of moral reasoning
empathy you feel the feels
sympathy expressing sorrow
Hamlin agression helpers vs hinderers
babies prefer the positive character (helper)
Levine parenting behavior/ styles
- direct instruction
- indirect
- social manager
Diane Baumrind's 4 parenting styles
- Authoritarian: "Because I said so," low responsivity, high demandingness
- Authoritative: "Compromise," high responsivity, high demandingness
- Permissive: high responsivity, low demandingness
- Neglectful: low responsivity, low demandingness
Familismo love, respect, community
Chiao Ghun Guan training, warmth
3 types of non-parental care 1.) Home-based: in the home (babysitter, nanny, relative), 1 caregiver, no license, say/input 2.) Family childcare: children are in the caregiver's home, 1 caregiver, licensed or unlicensed, less say, might have more experience 3.) Center-based care: school/ center setting, multiple caregivers, lots of children, licensed, no say, trained ppl, quality matters, social
Social capital resources that communities provide families
Protective factor source of resilience
James Hekman ROI is highest during preschool age
Nadine Burke Harris Studied who childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are very common. The higher your ACE, the lower your health outcome.
Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development Concrete operational (6-12 yrs) ---> Beginning of middle childhood (8-12 yrs)
- Able to conserve; mental operations (don't need to count on fingers)
- Planning: Tower of Annoi (begin to plan: 6 yr/ 7 yr)
- Meta cognition: "Knowing what you know," discrepancy between what children think they know vs what they actually know.
4 limitations: no hypothetical reasoning, fixed (diff. w/ "what if")
Memory capacity, speed, duration increases over time
Knowledge base ability to draw on & relate to new memories/ info
Memory strategies describe + elaborate (mental image) rehearsal organization: cluster info (ie. hw, studyguide) perspective memory: post its
3 ways to regulate attention Children cannot do this until middle childhood
- staying focused
- ignoring distractions
- gain voluntary control over attention
memory span
of randomly presented items of information that can be repeated immediately after
they are presented
metamemory particular form of metacognition. ability to think about one's memory processes.
executive function air-traffic control system.
constellation of developing skills. higher level cognition, higher-level cognitive processes, such as aspects of cognition associated with supervising and controlling lower-level cognitive processes. similar to self-regulation.
e.g. when children are solving a math problem, they need to utilize executive function to keep their attention focused and avoid distractions, consider past problem solving strategies, monitor if current strategy needs to be changed.
no-nonsense parenting parenting characterized by a mix of high parental control- including punishment- and warmth, and associated especially with African American single mothers
Hoffman's 4 stages of empathy
- global empathy (2 days)
- egocentric empathy (2 years)
- less egocentric, more sensitive (early childhood)
- understanding that emotional responses may be tied to individual's unique history of past experiences.
nuclear families families consisting of parents (including single parents) and their children
personal distress a self-focused emotional reaction to another person's distress
Barbara Rogoff guided participation (in stem learning) --> empathy tools: culture
4 language domains
- phonological
- semantic
- grammar
- pragmatic
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Child Development (5 systems)
- Microsystem: (rooted in the individual child) day-to-day happenings
- Mesosystem: outside influences child interacts with. eg. school, rules from caregivers
- Exosystem: environment eg. parents' workplace, local gov.
- Macrosystem: cultural customs, gov. policies
- Chronosystem: (time) generation, life-altering events
Top-down
- "theory-driven" - guides our research questions
- Vygotsky
protoimperatives early conversational acts whose purpose is to get another person to do something"more" to get a refill on juice
Perpetual Scaffolding the way in which a familiar word serves as an anchor for learning new words that come immediately before or after it
cooing (10-12 weeks) soft, vowel-like vocalizations that babies produce
babbling (7 months) infants utter strings of syllables "dadada"
jargoning (9-12 months) stringing together sound with emphasis, intention, communication
Bowlby Ethologist: study of animal behavior
- attachment is an emotional, enduring bond (connection tie) between caregiver and infant
- secure base, internal working model for all future relationships
