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An ad for an infant computer program claims it provides important early stimulation for your infant because The first three years of life are the most critical for brain development. This ad reflects the myth of infant determinism TERM 2 Longitudinal Design DEFINITION 2 Research designs that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time TERM 3 Assimilation DEFINITION 3 Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures TERM 4 Accommodation DEFINITION 4 Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience TERM 5 Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years) DEFINITION 5 Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally
Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years) Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experiences, but not yet perform operations on them TERM 7 Concrete Operational Stage (about 7 to 11 years) DEFINITION 7 Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only TERM 8 Formal Operational Stage (about 11 to adulthood) DEFINITION 8 Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now. TERM 9 Stranger Anxiety DEFINITION 9 Stranger anxiety is a form of distress that children experience when exposed to people unfamiliar to them. TERM 10 Attachment DEFINITION 10 The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest.
Which of the following is characteristic of the full-term newborn? She is likely to weigh 7.5 pounds. TERM 17 According to Piagets theory, cognitive development DEFINITION 17 proceeds through a series of qualitatively different stages. TERM 18 Research on attachment suggests that DEFINITION 18 the source of attachment is contact comfort. and temperament can influence the attachment relationship. TERM 19 We want you to be in by midnight or call and tell us you will be late. We worry about you because we know that there can be many irresponsible drivers on the roads at night. This statement demonstrates what Baumrind characterized as ____________ parenting. DEFINITION 19 authoritative TERM 20 Children often change their environment by acting in ways that influence their parents to respond differently from how they might have otherwise. This is an example of DEFINITION 20 bidirectional effects.
Children tend to achieve motor milestones in the same order even though the age of acquisition may vary. Which of the following statement is the best description of what underlies motor development? Motor development is the result of physical maturation and environmental factors TERM 22 The preoperational stage of cognitive development is an advance over the sensorimotor stage because now the preschool-aged child can think in terms of DEFINITION 22 representations. TERM 23 Temperament DEFINITION 23 seems to have genetic and prenatal origins. TERM 24 Which of the following would be an example of a scaffold? DEFINITION 24 Helping a child solve a puzzle by suggesting he first find all the edge pieces TERM 25 Which of the following reflects research based on Kohlbergs theory of moral development? DEFINITION 25 Moral level seems to have a low correlation with moral behavior.
Science fiction characters are sometimes portrayed as being emotionless and rational, with expert decision-making skills. This depiction is in contrast to real case studies where brain damage leaves people emotionless but also less rational. TERM 32 Worldwide, the easiest emotion to recognize is DEFINITION 32 happiness. TERM 33 Ekman conducted many studies of facial expressions associated with emotions and concluded that DEFINITION 33 almost everyone agrees on seven fundamental emotions TERM 34 Fear has been shown to be associated with several physical markers, including DEFINITION 34 brain activation of the amygdala. TERM 35 Markeesah reads an article that informs her that "if you see a bear, you are frightened because your heart is pounding." She immediately recognizes this statement as describing the DEFINITION 35 James-Lange theory.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion the thalamus simultaneously triggers both an emotion and bodily reactions TERM 37 Crystals mother buys store-brand sodas that come in red cans. When offered Coke (which comes in a red can) or Pepsi (which comes in a blue can), Crystal always picks Coke. Crystals behavior might best be explained as the result of DEFINITION 37 the mere exposure effect. TERM 38 Lie detectors assume a Pinocchio response: DEFINITION 38 Lie detectors assume a Pinocchio response: a perfect physiological indication of lying TERM 39 It is most accurate to describe a polygraph as DEFINITION 39 an arousal detector. TERM 40 Unlike a polygraph test, the integrity test DEFINITION 40 is a pencil and paper test
Dr. Brown implanted an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat. Then Dr. Brown electrically stimulated this area of the hypothalamus and the rat stopped eating. The electrode was probably implanted in the ventromedial hypothalamus. TERM 47 An important source of energy for all parts of the body is DEFINITION 47 glucose TERM 48 Miranda will sometimes eat like there is no tomorrow and then feel guilty over her lack of control. She then forces herself to vomit and takes laxatives to avoid gaining weight. Miranda is probably suffering from what is called DEFINITION 48 bulimia nervosa TERM 49 A man who has a homosexual orientation is most likely to have a brother who is also homosexual if that brother is DEFINITION 49 an identical twin TERM 50 The variable that best predicts whether a relationship will develop between two individuals is DEFINITION 50 proximity.
Research shows that, on average, approximately ___________% of people experience a major traumatic event in their lifetime. 6090 TERM 52 When asked about stress in his life, Josh sees it as coming from specific events. Josh sees stress DEFINITION 52 as a stimulus. TERM 53 When we compare hassles to major life events DEFINITION 53 hassles are a better predictor of subsequent psychological health TERM 54 Dat feels a sudden shaking throughout his house. At first he is alarmed, but then calmly gets under a sturdy table and waits to see whether it is a serious earthquake or just a little shaker. Dat is now in the _______________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. DEFINITION 54 resistance TERM 55 Mens and womens stress responses tend to differ because women are more likely to produce the hormone _______________ during stress DEFINITION 55 oxytocin
One of the most important factors for coping with stress is strong social support. TERM 62 Behavioral control can be ____________, whereas cognitive control can be ____________. DEFINITION 62 problem-focused; emotion-focused TERM 63 At Janets school a student recently died in a horrific car accident. The next day crisis counselors were present in all of Janets classrooms, asking students to talk through their grief. Janet did not know this student personally, and felt a bit sad for her family at first. However, after the counseling sessions she was particularly upset and felt guilty that her sadness was not deeper DEFINITION 63 This is not surprising in that crisis counseling is not necessary for everyone TERM 64 Viewing change as a challenge rather than a threat is called DEFINITION 64 hardiness. TERM 65 Jerry is very religious. He is DEFINITION 65 less likely to suffer from stress-related health problems.
The specialty area of psychology that studies how to prevent illness and promote good health is called health psychology. TERM 67 Who hearts me? DEFINITION 67 Avery does! Very much. I TERM 68 The most serious consequences of binge drinking include DEFINITION 68 an increase in certain types of cancer and even fatal liver problems. TERM 69 Although acupuncture has been practiced for at least 2,000 years, doubt is cast on its validity because DEFINITION 69 studies show the needles can be placed incorrectly and still relieve migraines TERM 70 Homeopathic treatments probably work so well because DEFINITION 70 symptom relief may simply occur because the illness, such as a cold, has run its course naturally.
empty-nest syndrome a supposed period of depression in mothers following the flight of their children TERM 77 Abraham Maslow DEFINITION 77 argued that there is a hierarchy of needs; we must satisfy more basic needs before we progress to more complex needs, but the evidence supporting this is mixed. TERM 78 broaden and build theory DEFINITION 78 suggests happiness predisposes us to think more openly, seek opportunities, and find novel solutions to problems. ii. Optimists tend to be happier and live longer than pessimists. TERM 79 Proximity DEFINITION 79 affords the opportunity for relationship formation. Repeated exposure increases perceptions of anothers attractiveness. TERM 80 Reciprocity DEFINITION 80 is important cross culturally; reciprocity in self-disclosure deepens relationship intimacy.
Proxemics Personal Space TERM 82 group socialization theory DEFINITION 82 theory that peers play an even more TERM 83 self-control DEFINITION 83 ability to inhibit an impulse to act TERM 84 Hardiness DEFINITION 84 hardy people view change as a challenge rather than a threat, are committed to their life and work, and believe they can control events TERM 85 Optimism DEFINITION 85 optimistic people are more productive, focused, persistent, and better at handling frustration than pessimists
Decisional control the ability to choose among alternative courses of action TERM 92 Informational control DEFINITION 92 the ability to acquire information about a stressful event TERM 93 Emotional control DEFINITION 93 the ability to suppress and express emotions TERM 94 Catharsis DEFINITION 94 disclosing painful feelings TERM 95 Crisis debriefing DEFINITION 95 a single-session procedure, typically conducted in groups,designed to ward off PTSD
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) condition that sometimes follows stressful life events 1. Flashbacks 2. Avoid reminders of the trauma 3. Feeling detached or estranged from others 4. Difficulty sleeping and startling easily TERM 97 Flashbacks DEFINITION 97 vivid memories, feelings, and images of traumatic experiences TERM 98 Hassles DEFINITION 98 minor annoyances or nuisances that strain our ability to cope TERM 99 Stress DEFINITION 99 the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains our ability to cope effectively TERM 100 Stress as a Transaction DEFINITION 100 focuses on identifying different types of stressful events
