Download Combating Bias in Research: A Guide to Common Biases and Mitigation Strategies and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
What |is |a |positive |to |Personal |Observation? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔It |can |be |valuable |evidence. What |is |a |problem |with |Personal |Observation? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔It |can |be |filtered |with |biases, |attitudes, |prior |experience, |previous |training, |and |expectations. What |is |Social |Desirability |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔If |it |is |socially |acceptable |(recycling, |reading |to |your |kids, |or |caring |for |your |family) |respondents |are |much |more |likely |to |endorse |and |exaggerate. What |is |an |example |of |Social |Desirability? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |asked |if |you |read |to |your |child |every |night, |someone |may |answer |yes, |even |though |they |don't. What |is |Acquiescence |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |respondents |tend |to |be |agreeable |and |respond |usually |positively |to |just |about |any |question |given |to |them |on |a |survey What |is |an |example |of |Acquiescence? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔How |do |you |feel |about |crowds? |Love |them! |How |do |you |feel |about |being |by |yourself? |Love |it! How |do |you |combat |Acquiescence? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Ask |open |ended |questions, |not |yes |or |no, |and |forced |rating |scales |with |EVEN |numbers |so |there |is |no |'middle' |answer.
What |are |Order |Effects |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Refers |to |the |order |you |ask |the |question |on |surveys: |Mentioning |brands, |products, |or |events |can |affect |how |people |rate |their |familiarity |and |attitudes |on |subsequent |questions. How |do |you |combat |biased |Order |Effects? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Randomize |questions, |order |of |events, |etc. What |is |Prestige |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |respondents |will |likely |round |up |on |income, |education, |and |their |reported |power |and |their |prestige |when |making |decisions. What |is |an |example |of |Prestige? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔What's |your |income |and |highest |level |of |education? How |do |you |combat |prestige |factors? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Provide |ranges |for |them |to |choose |from. What |is |Threat |and |Hostility |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Getting |people |to |think |about |unpleasant |things |and |events |can |get |them |in |the |wrong |state |of |mind, |which |can |cast |a |negative |shadow |on |subsequent |questions. What |is |an |example |of |Threat |and |Hostility |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Think |about |the |last |time |you |were |in |a |car |accident. |Did |you |immediately |file |an |insurance |claim? |Participants |may |be |traumatized |from |the |accident |and |thus |any |questions |about |it |and |what |came |after |would |be |tainted. What |is |Sponsorship |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |the |respondents |know |where |the |survey |is |coming |from |(the |sponsor) |it |will |likely |influence |them. |Especially |if |they |really |like |a |brand |or |not. How |do |you |combat |sponsorship |bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Make |the |sponsors |anonymous |to |the |respondents.
What |are |the |faults |of |statistics? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Can |be |misleading, |used |incorrectly, |or |full |of |errors. What |are |types |of |misused |statistics |in |Psychology? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Discarding |unfavorable |data, |loaded |questions, |overgeneralization, |and |biased |samples. What |is |Black |and |White |Thinking? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |failure |to |bring |together |the |dichotomy |of |both |positive |and |negative |qualities |into |a |cohesive, |realistic |whole. Along |the |spectrum |between |Black |& |White |lies... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔an |abundance |of |gray |area, |but |many |times |the |gray |area |is |often |ignored. What |is |Black |and |White |Thinking |also |known |as? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔False |Dilemma |and |Binary |Thinking. Black |and |White |Thinking |doesn't |allow |for |many |different... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔variables, |conditions, |nuance, |and |context |in |which |there |would |exist |in |more |than |two |different |possibilities. In |reality |are |situations |more |Black |and |White |or |does |it |have |shades |of |gray? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Shades |of |Gray What |happens |when |you |fall |victim |to |Black |and |White |Thinking? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔It |tends |to |exacerbate |other |problems |including |depression, |anxiety, |and |conflicts |in |relationships. Black |and |White |Thinking |can |prevent |us |from |seeing... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔things |as |they |really |are.
What |causes |Black |and |White |Thinking? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔It |can |occur |intentionally, |when |a |fallacy |is |used |to |force |a |choice |or |outcome |or |by |accident, |as |result |from |a |habit |of |viewing |the |world |with |limited |set |of |options. Who |has |a |higher |chance |of |falling |victim |to |Black |and |White |thinking? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔People |with |mental |disorders |such |as, |borderline |personality |disorder, |narcissistic |personality |disorder, |bipolar |disorder, |and |depression. What |are |possible |consequences |of |Black |and |White |Thinking? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |we |believe |what |we |subscribe |to |is |morally |good |and |the |other |is |morally |bad, |we |demonize |other |positions. What |are |some |examples |of |Black |and |White |thinking? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Clean |or |dirty, |near |or |far, |pass |or |fail Using |If-clauses |to |precede |a |conclusion |enables |the |audience |to... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔reach |a |conclusion |given |a |particular |condition. If-clauses |can |present... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔multiple |conclusions |for |you |to |evaluate |and |consider |due |to |surrounding |text. If-clauses |alleviates |some |of... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔the |issues |of |assumptions |because |it |outlines |parameters |of |the |argument |presented. What |are |examples |of |If-clauses? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔IF |you |skip |class |often, |THEN |you |will |not |do |well |in |class. IF |you |agree |with |a |woman's |right |to |choose |THEN |you |should |support |the |abortion |legislation.
When |acknowledging |limitations |what |happens? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔It |can |be |an |opportunity |to |make |suggestions |for |further |research. What |is |the |difference |between |Objectivity |and |Subjectivity? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Something |that |has |nothing |to |do |with |a |person's |own |feelings |or |views, |it |just |deals |with |facts |vs. |something |that |exists |in |the |mind |of |a |person |or |that |pertains |to |viewpoints |of |an |individual |person. Can |you |overcome |speed |bumps? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Yes, |by |slowing |down. |They |are |there |regardless |if |you |recognize |it |or |not. How |does |a |speed |bump |work? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Once |you |recognize |the |speed |bumps |you |will |have |to |overcome |it |to |progress. What |are |the |pros |and |cons |of |Thinking |quickly? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Great |in |situations |where |you |need |quick |thinking, |not |so |great |in |all |situations. Thinking |quickly |does |not |allow |our |brains |to... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔evaluate |all |relevant |information, |and |may |result |in |snap |judgements, |missed |opportunities |to |see |all |perspectives, |etc. What |are |stereotypes? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |we |assign |a |set |of |characteristics |to |a |person |based |on |the |'group' |they |belong |to. Stereotypes |rob |us |of |the |ability |to... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔approach |a |situation/issue/argument |with |an |open |mind. What |is |the |Halo |Effect? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Identifying |a |particular |trait |(positive |or |negative) |about |someone, |then |applying |that |opinion |to |everything |about |them.
Halo |effect |example... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |a |person |is |skilled |in |one |area |we |assume |they |are |skilled |in |other/all |areas |(adding |a |halo |to |them). |This |can |also |impact |negatively |as |well. What |is |Belief |Perseverance? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Pre-existing |beliefs |that |guide |our |thinking, |based |on |our |experiences |and |culture. When |do |personal |beliefs |become |a |problem? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |you |are |so |invested |in |them |that |you |are |closed |off |to |alternate |ideas. What |is |Confirmation |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |tendency |to |only |see |evidence |that |already |confirms |your |view. What |is |an |example |of |Confirmation |Bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Search |Engine |Algorithms, |only |showing |more |of |what |you |typically |search |for. What |is |Availability |Heuristic? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Mental |shortcuts |that |rely |on |immediate |examples |that |come |to |a |given |person's |mind |when |evaluating |a |specific |topic, |concept, |method, |or |decision. For |Availability |Heuristic |we |often |misjudge... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔the |frequency |and |magnitude |of |events |that |have |happened |recently. |It |happens |because |of |the |limitations |on |memory, |and |we |remember |things |when |they |come |with |a |vivid |narrative. What |is |an |example |of |Availability |Heuristic? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔After |seeing |a |report |about |lottery |winners, |you |start |to |overestimate |the |likelihood |of |winning |the |jackpot. |You |start |spending |more |money |than |you |should |each |week |on |lottery |tickets.
What |happens |when |you |slow |down? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔When |slowing |down |it |is |the |essence |of |critical |thinking, |so |you |can |take |the |time |to |think |analytically |and |purposefully. Snap |judgments |are |the... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔easy |way |out, |be |careful |not |to |sacrifice |wisdom |for |speed. What |does |knowing |when |and |how |to |ask |questions |help? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔It |helps |you |to |adapt |to |your |audience, |not |everyone |is |receptive |to |having |their |views |questioned. |It |could |feel |like |you're |attacking |them, |which |can |result |in |damaged |friendships/relationships. What |is |an |example |over |confidence |bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔You'll |finish |a |project/etc. |Within |a |certain |period |of |time-only |to |find |yourself |cramming |in |the |final |hours. What |is |an |example |of |cognitive |bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Do |you |consider |yourself |an |above-average |drive? |Turns |out, |90% |of |people |consider |themselves |above- average |drivers- |it |can't |be |true |of |all |of |them. What |is |a |sunk |cost |bias |example? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Sittin |through |a |movie |you |didn't |like, |just |because |you |already |paid |for |the |ticket. What |is |sunk |cost |bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |more |we |invest |in |something |the |harder |it |is |to |abondon, |it |can |make |it |hard |to |adopt |to |change |and |plan |for |the |future |with |confidence. What |is |an |example |of |present |bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Do |you |use |your |data |after |you've |hit |your |plan's |limit?As |humans, |we |tend |to |overvalue |immediate |rewards |over |long-term |ones?
What |is |present |bias? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Known |as, |spending |today |versus |saving |for |later Four |habits |to |develop |as |a |critical |thinker: |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔- |Read |a |variety |of |materials |to |look |at |issues |from |different |perspectives
- |Make |decisions |based |on |reasoning |and |evidence, |not |emotion |or |fallacies
- |Use |your |inquisitive |mind |to |question |your |own |beliefs |to |ensure |strong |support.
- |Seek |out |and |respect |the |truth |of |any |claim |from |multiple |sources/perspectives. Statistics |often... |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔lie What |are |the |types |of |finding |the |average? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Using |mean, |median, |and |mode How |do |you |find |the |mean? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Adding |all |the |values |and |dividing |by |the |total |number |of |values How |do |you |find |the |median? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Listing |all |the |numbers |from |highest |to |lowest |and |finding |the |one |in |the |middle. How |do |you |find |the |mode? |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Counting |the |frequency |of |different |values |and |then |finding |the |value |that |occurs |more |frequently.
