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PSYCH 350 H HONORS DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 3
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Discrete facial expressions that occur early in infancy are called basic emotions because they
a. constitute a set of emotions that appear to be biologically determined b. are the emotions that are most easily identified by experimenters who study emotion c. are the simplest and first emotions the infant learns d. are the emotions first identified by caregivers a. constitute a set of emotions that appear to be biologically determined
The shift from smiling as reflexive behavior to a voluntary response coincides with the infant's developing ability to a. initiate goal-directed behaviors b. display complex emotions c. incorporate crying into the communication system d. convey basic emotional states a. initiate goal-directed behaviors
From the age of three or four years, children a. begin to use display rules b. start to hide their emotions c. understand the cultural rules for displays of emotions d. become verbally proficient in describing emotions
d. become verbally proficient in describing emotions
As children approach their adolescent years, their verbal descriptions of their emotions shift from concerns with a. basic factors to complex factors b. social factors to internal psychological factors c. internal psychological factors to situational factors d. situational factors to internal psychological factors d. situational factors to internal psychological factors
Recent research on emotions during adolescence suggests that a. adolescents do experience more negative emotions than children of other ages b. contrary to popular belief, adolescents experience negative emotions less than children of other ages c. there is no increase in negative emotion until adulthood d. contrary to popular belief, adolescents experience negative emotions in amounts similar to children of other ages a. adolescents do experience more negative emotions than children of other ages
The emotional style that results in behavioral manifestations, such as aggression or temper tantrums, is referred to as a. externalizing b. neutralizing c. negatizing d. internalizing a. externalizing
Recent physiological evidence suggests that a. changes in the functioning of the nervous system reliably accompany early social-emotional interactions b. emotional development impacts the peripheral nervous system more than the central nervous system c. emotional development does not impact the developing brain or central nervous system d. changes in the functioning of the nervous system do not reliably accompany early social-emotional interactions a. changes in the functioning of the nervous system reliably accompany early social-emotional interactions
Babies begin to recognize themselves in the mirror at about age a. one to four months b. six to nine months c. two to three years d. fifteen to eighteen months d. fifteen to eighteen months
The tendency to use others to evaluate one's own activities is called a. personal comparison b. personal perception c. external comparison d. social comparison d. social comparison
Children with low self-esteem generally a. show smaller competence/importance discrepancies than do children with high self esteem b. gain satisfaction from the domains in which they are reasonably competent and disregard other domains c. minimize the importance of the domains in which they are not especially competent d. have difficulty disregarding the importance of domains in which they are not especially competent d. have difficulty disregarding the importance of domains in which they are not especially competent
When asked about her favorite actor, Macy responds with a shrug. She claims she isn't really interested in films and doesn't have any desire to be. Macy is showing a state of a. identity-achievement b. moratorium c. identity-diffusion d. foreclosure c. identity-diffusion
Four year old Bill was banging on his toy drum when he suddenly remembered that his baby sister was sleeping. "Mommy said not to play with the drum when baby sister is sleeping." Bill said to himself out loud. Bill stopped the banging and instead picked up a quiet toy. Bill is showing a. inner self b. social cognition c. self-regulation d. social comparison c. self-regulation
According to Carol Gilligan, females tend to be concerned with morality of ________, making moral judgments on the basis of concern for others; in contrast, males tend to be concerned with morality of ________, making moral judgments on the basis of reason and abstract principles of equity. a. justice; reciprocity b. social norms; proximity c. equality and reciprocity; laws and rules d. care and responsibility; justice d. care and responsibility; justice
Evidence in favor of the view that empathy is innate comes from the observation that a. three-month old infants cry when any loud noise occurs b. different cultures demonstrate different empathic patterns c. three-day-old infants cry when another infant cries d. altruism precedes empathy c. three-day-old infants cry when another infant cries
Gender stereotypes are a. the knowledge that one is either male or female b. the process by which individuals acquire masculine or feminine behavior c. cultural expectations about the characteristic behaviors of males and females d. behaviors usually exhibited by the opposite sex c. cultural expectations about the characteristic behaviors of males and females
Jeff is eighteen years old and has recently shown a return to traditional gender stereotypes. Research suggests that older adolescents typically do this when they face decisions about their futures. Jeff's return to traditional stereotypes is called gender a. intensification b. revisiting c. regression d. transgression a. intensification
Although aggression is the most salient sex difference, it is contingent on how aggression is being defined. Females are found to be more aggressive than males when aggression is defined as a(n) a. behavior called direct aggression b. behavior that stops someone from getting hurt c. attempt to promote someone into a higher peer group d. attempt to harm another person through manipulation or gossip d. attempt to harm another person through manipulation or gossip
Investigations of actual sex differences in behavior have found that a. differences between the sexes are larger than differences within each sex b. differences within each sex are larger than differences between the sexes c. females are more variable in their behavior than males d. males are more variable in their behavior than females b. differences within each sex are larger than differences between the sexes
don't play with dolls." Russell possesses gender ________ for classifying behavior. a. stability b. constancy c. schemas d. orientations c. schemas
Cindy's parents share parenting and household responsibilities equally, while Allison's parents have more traditional gender-typed roles. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true, based on research comparing traditional and egalitarian families? a. Allison will maintain achievement levels while Cindy will show declines in math and science. b. Both girls will suffer achievement declines in reading but gains in math and science. c. Neither of the girls will suffer decline in achievement. d. Cindy will maintain achievement levels while Allison will show declines in math and science. d. Cindy will maintain achievement levels while Allison will show declines in math and science.
Which of the following statements regarding teacher attitudes and behavior is not true? a. Teachers respond differently to students on the basis of sex as opposed to behavior. b. Teachers are equally likely to nominate boys and girls as their best students. c. Teachers tend to name boys as most skilled in mathematics despite minimal actual gender differences. d. Teachers tend to call on boys more than they call on girls. b. Teachers are equally likely to nominate boys and girls as their best students.
Barbel Inhelder collaborated with Piaget on stage theory of cognitive development
Mary Ainsworth -studied attachment -developed an attachment measure called the "strange situation" assessing secure and insecure attachment patterns
Inez Beverly Prosser studied self-esteem in African-American children in both segregated and integrated schools
Mamie Philips Clark & Kenneth Clark race and self-identification in children
Beverly Daniel Tatum race in education, racial identity development in adolescence, family neighborhood assimilation
Emotions Complex behaviors with multiple components
-Does a child have experiences with dogs? -What have parents told them about dogs?
Social theories of emotion development Children learn:
- what emotions should be displayed when
- how to manage emotions
- how to label and interpret emotions
understanding of emotions and ability to regulate -arises from interaction of personal goals and social interactions (Campos & Saarni)
Early emotional development Basic emotions: emotions such as joy, sadness, or surprise that appear early in infancy and seem to have a biological foundation
-Young infants can discriminate and imitate basic facial expressions; most are strongly responsive to anger and fear
-look longer at angry faces -show distinct neural activation to angry faces
Social referencing looking to another for emotional cues in interpreting a strange or ambiguous event
interactive synchrony reciprocal, mutually engaging cycles of caregiver-child behaviors
Depressed mothers -Depressed moms display less positive affect with their children during face to face interactions
-Infants of depressed moms express more negative affect and show neural patterns similar to those of depressed adults
-Non-depressed moms showed unique patterns of brain activity in response to their own babies cry (in reward-related areas) -depressed mom did not and demonstrated lower prefrontal cortex activity
Summary: Depression dulls the normal brain activity that would prompt a mother to pick up her crying infant -it's important to note it's a blunted response -they are not responding in a more negative way -more of a lack of responding in a positive way
Secondary emotions Self-conscious emotions: appear later in childhood require knowledge about the self as related to others
-guilt -shame
increased risk for ADHD, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorders
Internalizing an emotional style that is inner-directed and results in emotions such as guilt or sadness
increased risk for anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders
Developmental patterns Preschool -externalizing slightly > internalizing behaviors, (although high co-occurrence)
Later childhood- co-occurrence decreases
doesn't always disappear (depends on the issue)
Boys show more externalizing behaviors and disorders, of all kinds, throughout childhood -pattern is evident across cultures -pattern is found across species
Temperament -reflects stable, constitutionally based, differences in behavior
-instrumental in guiding emotion regulation and behavioral outcomes -based on a range of dimensions such as: activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal
Temperament categories Easy (40%) -easily adjust to new situations -establish routines -cheerful and easy to calm
Difficult (10%) -slow to adjust to new experiences -intensely negatively reactive
Slow-to-warm-up (15%) -initially difficult yet adjust with time
Goodness of fit the degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his/her social environment
Match between temperament and environment
-outcomes do not depend on temperament alone -interaction between child and environment is key
Strange Situation standardized test that assesses the quality of infant-caregiver attachment
Secure attachment -distressed at separation from caregiver -enthusiastic greeting upon return -displays stranger anxiety -uses caregiver as secure base for exploration
Secure base: the infant explores the environment but periodically checks back with the caregiver
Avoidant attachment -infant shows little separation anxiety -and does not pay much attention to the caregiver's return
Ambivalent (resistant) attachment -infant shows separation protest -also distressed upon the caregiver's return
Disorganized/disoriented attachment -infant fears the caregiver -confused facial expressions
-both avoidant and ambivalent attachment behaviors
Functions of Attachment survival- elicit caregiving IWM-
IWM (internal working model of relationships) -mental frameworks of quality of relationships -result of early interactions with caregivers
Self Regulation Capacity to monitor, direct, and flexibly adapt one's behaviors to achieve goals or meet demands of others
Key elements: Delay of gratification: capacity to wait before performing a tempting activity, or attaining some highly desired outcome
Effortful control: ability to suppress undesirable responses for less dominant ones that are considered socially or morally more acceptable
Self and Self Regulation: 8-9 months parents regulate infant behavior
