Download PSYCH 350H EXAM 1: Developmental Psychology Concepts and Methods and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
PSYCH 350 H EXA 10 M 0% VERIF1WITH COMPLIED!!ETE SOLUTIONS
development -lifetime ANSWER physical + psychological changes in an individual over a
developmental psychology -human behaviors + mental activities over time ANSWER systematic + scientific study of changes in
developmental science -studies and explanations of human development ANSWER interdisciplinary field of research concerned with
theories -observable phenomena ANSWER set of ideas or propositions that help to organize/explain
social policy -public and private organizations and agencies designed to achieve a particular social ANSWER programs and plans established by local, regional, or national purpose or goal plato -- believed that children are born with innate knowledge ANSWER - emphasized self-control and discipline
aristotle -child ANSWER - was concerned with fitting child rearing to the needs of individual
- believed that knowledge comes from experience Rosseau - ANSWER - no blank slate
- noble savages
- require adult guidance to align natural instincts and social world Locke -- Tabula Rasa ANSWER - blank slate
- empiricism (provide kids with proper experience) Charles Darwin and Wilhelm Preyer - ANSWER - evolution of human beings
- baby biographies: systematic study of the child G. Stanley Hall - ANSWER - founder of developmental psychology
- questionnaire methods, data large groups of children Alfred Binet - ANSWER - First IQ test
- identify patterns in mental capabilities of each child Freud - ANSWER - psychoanalytic theory
- biological drives exert a crucial influence on development Watson - ANSWER - behaviorist theory
- children's behavior arises from rewards and punishments that follow certain behaviors Thelen and Smith - ANSWER dynamic systems theory nurture - ANSWER environment nature/genome - ANSWER Individual's complete set of hereditary information
- Benefit: temporally excellent (milliseconds)
- Drawback: spatially poor resolution - cannot tell exactly WHERE in the brain theactivation is occuring
event-related potential (ERP) -specific stimulus or response ANSWER sections of EEG that are time locked to a
- Benefit: temporally excellent (milliseconds)
- Drawback: spatially poor resolution - cannot tell exactly WHERE in the brain theactivation is occuring
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -brain using a large and powerful magnet ANSWER visual images of the structure of the
- Benefit: spatially excellent (voxels-mm)
- Drawback: temporally poor resolution, cannot tell WHEN the processing is occurring functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) -while completing an activity ANSWER tracks changes in blood flow
- Benefit: spatially excellent (voxels-mm)
- Drawback: temporally poor resolution, cannot tell WHEN the processing is occurring functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) -changes that influence different absorption of infrared light ANSWER measures hemodynamic
- Benefit: holds up well to head movement, some spatial info
- Drawback: temporally poor resolution, limited to upper cortical surface of the brain transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) -regions of the brain ANSWER - activate or de-activate certain
- polarization or depolarization of neurons- pulsing and powerful magnet
- reveals function of particular regions
- Benefit: potential for 're-programming'/'re-setting' the brain (autism, depression)
- Drawback: tracking specific changes is tricky, risks still being explored germinal period - ANSWER - conception to 2 weeks
- begins with conception- ends with zygote implanting in uterine wall
- rapid cell division takes place embryonic period - ANSWER - 3rd to 8th week
- major development all organs and systems
- via cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell death and hormonal influences fetal period - ANSWER - 9th week to birth
- development of physical structures continue- rapid growth of body
- increasing levels of behavior, sensory experience, and learning amniotic sac -protects the fetus ANSWER a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and
placenta -bloodstreams of fetus and mother ANSWER support organ for fetus, exchange of materials between
umbilical cord -placenta ANSWER tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and
habituation - ANSWER - simple form of learning
- decreases in response to repeated or continued stimulation
sleeper effect -years ANSWER the impact of a given agent may not be apparent for many
low birth weight (LBW) - ANSWER infant weighs less than 5.5 lbs (2500g) at birth kangaroo care -- facilitates temperature, nursing, bonding ANSWER - skin to skin contact
- better physiological regulation, increase sleep, increase attention REM -awake. phase for dreaming but it's not clear whether infants actually dream ANSWER rapid + random eye movement, light sleep, brain activity similar to
NREM - ANSWER little to no eye movement, dreamless sleep, deeper and restorative SIDS - ANSWER sudden infant death syndrome genotype - ANSWER inherited genetic material phenotype - ANSWER observed expression of genetic material (genotype) environment - ANSWER all else beyond genes chromosomes - ANSWER molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) -- form + functions of an organism ANSWER - carry biochemical instructions
genes - ANSWER sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all
living things Karyotype - ANSWER pictorial representation of an individual's chromosomes alleles -individual differences (recessive vs dominant, homozygous vs heterozygous) ANSWER alternate form of a specific gene, provides genetic basis for many
polygenetic inheritance -than one gene ANSWER inheritance in which traits are governed by more
mutations -- random or environmentally driven ANSWER - change in a section of DNA
- can be passed to offspring random assortment -member of each pair going into egg or sperm is by chance ANSWER 23 pairs of chromosomes shuffled randomly, which
crossing over - ANSWER sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another Phenylketonuria (PKU) -- prevents metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine ANSWER - defective recessive gene on chromosome 12
- disrupts brain development epigenetics -interact w/ genes to influence cell functioning and the phenotype ANSWER the field of study concerned w/ how environmental factors
heritability -on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic ANSWER a statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance differences among those individuals
myelination -sheath that improves message transfer ANSWER process of coating neural fibers w/ myelin - an insulating fatty
cortex - ANSWER the outer layers of the brain in humans + other mammals left hemisphere -- language ANSWER - controls right side of body
- positive emotion right hemisphere - ANSWER - controls left side of the body
- spatial abilities- negative emotion
synaptogenesis -neurons ANSWER - process by which neurons form synapses w/ other
- results in trillions of connections synapse elimination - ANSWER - synapses that are rarely activated get eliminated
- normal developmental process plasticity - ANSWER capacity of brain to be modeled or changed by experience experience-expectant -expressing to receive stimulation important to their functioning; critical periods of ANSWER neurons grow and differentiate rapidly when sensitivity experience-dependent -throughout the life-span ANSWER neurons sensitive to specific events or experiences
meta analysis -to reach conclusions based on all of them ANSWER a method for combining the results from independent studies
secular trends -generations ANSWER changes in physical development that have occurred over
environmental factors - ANSWER stress, problems in home environment, abuse failure to thrive - ANSWER infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain food neophobia - ANSWER children's unwillingness to eat unfamiliar foods undernutrition - ANSWER not getting enough to eat Theories of cognitive development -Core-knowledge, Sociocultural, Dynamic-systems ANSWER Piagetian, Information-processing,
Piagetian Theory - ANSWER nature-nurture, continuity/discontinuity, the active child Information-processing theory - ANSWER nature/nurture, mechanisms Core-knowledge theory - ANSWER nature-nurture, continuity/discontinuity sociocultural theory -mechanisms ANSWER nature-nurture, influence of the sociocultural context,
dynamic-systems theory - ANSWER nature-nurture, the active child, mechanisms Constructivist approach (Piaget) - ANSWER - child is putting things together
Egocentrism -of view ANSWER the tendency to perceive the world solely from one's own point
Centration -of an object or event ANSWER the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature
Conservation -necessarily change the objects other key properties ANSWER idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not
Concrete operational stage (Piaget) - ANSWER - 7-12 years
- Become able to think logically, not just intuitively- Understand that events are often influenced by multiple factors, not just one
Formal Operational Stage (Piaget) -- think systematically ANSWER - 12 years + beyond reason about what might be, as well as what is Information Processing theories - ANSWER Focus on:
- structure of cognitive system
- mental activities used to deploy attention- memory to solve problems Approaches:
- task analysis- computer simulation Limited Capacity Processing system- memory capacity
- speed of thought processing
- availability of useful strategies + knowledge
Surmounting Limitations:
- expand amount of info processed
- increase processing speed- aquire new strategies + knowledge
Overlapping Waves theory -solve problems ANSWER - children usually use a variety of approaches to
- Applicable domains: arithmetic, time-telling, reading, spelling, scientificexperimentation, biological understanding, too use + memory recall
Working memory -processing info ANSWER - actively attending to, gathering, maintaining, and
- limit in capacity + length Long-term memory - ANSWER - info retained on an enduring basis
- over lifetime, from facts to conceptual knowledge basic processes of memory - ANSWER - ASSOCIATING events
- RECOGNIZING objects
- RECALLING facts + procedures- GENERALIZING from one event to another
- ENCODING specific features of objects and events
