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Developmental Psychology -psychological changes occur over a lifespan and how psychological change occurs ANSWER The branch of psychology that addresses what over a lifespan The Nurture Assumption -development is largely a result of what parents do at home; peers are more influential ANSWER Challenged the ida that children's personality than parents Forbidding children under 10 from working -Shaftesbury's effort at social reform? ANSWER What law came out of the Earl of
Development is influenced by biological drives -development as a discipline did Sigmund Freud make? ANSWER What contribution of child
The old of brain activity, genes, and learning experiences -development of effortful attention provides insights into ANSWER The study of the
Sociocultural environment -what age they do so in different parts of the world is an example of differences in: ANSWER Whether children sleep with their parents and to
Impressions and general beliefs -were primarily based on: ANSWER The views of Aristotle, Locke, and Plato
Incorporating of research findings -those of Freud and Watson in the early 20th century reflected ANSWER The emergence of theories such as
Discontinuous - ANSWER Stage theories regard development as Internal Validity -variables that I intentionally manipulated?" Addresses what behavioral measurement? ANSWER "Can effects within my experiment be attributed to
Microgenetic -has been established and the goal of the study is to determine how the change occurs? ANSWER Which type of design is best used when a pattern of change
Test-retest reliability -measurement when it is given at two different times ANSWER The degree of similarity in the results of the same
Internal validity -due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate ANSWER The extent to which the effects of an experiment are truly
External validity -studies are conducted with different participants and methods ANSWER The extent to which the results of a study will hold when
Passage of time - ANSWER Potential source of internal invalidity The prediction of future behaviors is often inaccurate -disadvantage of the interview method ANSWER A potential
Microgenetic -change will most likely use this design ANSWER Researchers interested in understanding the process of
Head to body -development to take place from ANSWER Cephalocaudal development refers to the tendency for
5 weeks -movements? ANSWER How long after conception does the fetus begin to make
8 months - ANSWER Infants first become capable of self-locomotion Reaching - ANSWER Not self-locomotion Habituation - ANSWER Simplest form of learning Preferential-looking technique -attention in infants ANSWER Robert Frantz's method for studying visual
2-3 months - ANSWER Infants' color vision is similar to that of adults Movement -segregation ANSWER Which cue is particularly informative to babies for object
Stereopsis -combines differing near signals, resulting in depth perception ANSWER Around 4 months of age, the process by which the visual cortex
Rooting reflex -head to the side that was touched ANSWER A young child is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his
11-14 months - ANSWER Walk alone easily Infant's muscles aren't strong enough to lift its increasingly heavy legs -Stepping reflex disappears because ANSWER
Self-locomotion -show wariness of heights in visual cliff experiment? ANSWER What skill must babies have already developed in order to
50% - ANSWER Percentage of cerebral cortex involved in visual processing
2 months - ANSWER Age that children can visually track slowly moving objects Object segregation - ANSWER Not important to the achievement of depth perception 5 to 8 years - ANSWER Children's hearing capabilities approach adult level at Oral exploration - ANSWER A newborn's first few months of life are dominated Integration of a tactile and visual experience -object manually enables ANSWER Ability of infants to explore an
Disappear - ANSWER Most neonatal reflexes 6 to 10 months -up to stand? ANSWER At what age is the average child able to pull him or herself
Reaching - ANSWER Children no longer having to "wait for the world to come to them" 1 to 1.5% -individual differences among people are found in approximately ________ of our genes. ANSWER The mapping of the human genome has resulted in the insight that
Polygenic inheritance - ANSWER The combined action of multiple genes Genotype-environmnt interaction -phenylketonuria is an example of ANSWER The manner in which individuals develop
Adoptive twin study - ANSWER Ideal for studying behavioral genetics
Ignorance of the existence of cells and genes -ancient belief in preformation? ANSWER What best explains the
Experience-dependent plasticity -have more dendritic spines and more synapses per neuron than rats raised in cages ANSWER The fact that rats raised in cages with toys without this stimulation is an example of: 23 chromosomes - ANSWER Germ celle contain Cell division - ANSWER Earliest developmental process Stem cells - ANSWER Embryonic cells are known as Faster - ANSWER Earlier development takes place ____ than later development Sensitive periods -external experience to develop normally are referred to as: ANSWER Times when the human brain is in particular need of
80% - ANSWER Cerebral cortex constitutes ____ of the human brian Allow more cortex to be packed into a small area -cortex ANSWER Folds of the cerebral
Differ in the general tasks with which they are associated -cerebral cortex ANSWER Lobes of the
Temporal Lobe -auditory information ANSWER Most important lobe for the processing of emotion and
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER Most important lobe for foresight and goal-directed behavior Association areas -and integrated in the ANSWER Information from multiple sensory systems is processed
Cerebral Lateralization -processes information in a piecemeal, linear manner, whereas the right hemisphere ANSWER For a right-handed person, the left hemisphere processes information in a holistic manner. This occurrence is a result of: 18 weeks after conception - ANSWER Neurogenesis is essentially complete by Aborization -other neurons ANSWER Increases get capacity of dendrites to form connections with
Thousands -apporximately ___ other neurons ANSWER During synaptogenesis, each neuron forms synapses with
Normal overabundance of a synapse -as a result of ANSWER Synapse elimination generally occurs
The same individuals were not followed over time -timing of synapse production and elimination failed to show the changes at adolescence ANSWER Earlier research on the because: Neural Darwinism -pruned ANSWER The process by which the brain's excess synapses are
Experience-expectant plasticity -normal brain development and thus requires human genes to code less information and ANSWER Relies on normal human experience for still result in normal development.
Scientific Method -question, formulating a hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion ANSWER An approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a
Relevant and reliable - ANSWER Measurement must be Reliable -behavior are consistent ANSWER The degree to which the independent measurements of a given
Interrater reliability -different raters who witness the same behavior ANSWER The amount of agreement in the observations of
Test-retest reliability -two or more occasions ANSWER The degree of similarity of a child's performance on
Validity - ANSWER The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure Internal Validity -can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing ANSWER The degree to which effect observed within experiments
External Validity -the particulars of the research ANSWER The degree to which results can be generalized beyond
Structured interview -asked to answer the same question ANSWER A research procedure in which all participants are
Clinical interview -with the answers the interviewee provides ANSWER A procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord
Structured interview -researchers to learn about children's beliefs and attitudes ANSWER Provides a quick and straight forward way for
Clinical interview -individual child ANSWER Useful for obtaining in depth information about an
Clinical interview -questions are often biased ANSWER Yield a great deal of data quickly, but answers to
Naturalistic Observation -environment not controlled by the researcher ANSWER Examination of ongoing behavior in an
Naturalistic Observation -ones influence behavior of interest and many behaviors of interest occur only ANSWER Yield detailed information but hard to know which occasionally in the everyday environment Structural observation -situation to each child and recording the child's behavior. Researchers then relate the ANSWER A method that involves presenting an identical observed behaviors to characteristics of the child and to the child's behavior in othersituations
Structural observation -identical situations, allowing for direct comparisons and makes it possible to establish ANSWER Ensures that all children being studied encounter the generality of each child's behavior across different tests Structural observation -individual children's subjective experience as do interviews, nor can it provide the ANSWER Does not provide as extensive information about open-ended, everyday kind of data that naturalistic observation can yield Correlational Design -among variables rather than to identify cause-effect relations among them ANSWER Great use when the goal is to describe relations
Direction of causation problem -variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other ANSWER The concept that a correlation between two
studied repeatedly over a short period of time Microgenetic design -important developmental change ANSWER Find children who are thought to be on the verge of an
Heighten their exposure to the type of experience that is believed to produce the change Intensively study the change as it is occurring Microgenetic design -change over long periods of time ANSWER Does not provide information about typical patterns of
Does not yield data regarding change patterns over long periods of time Mendelian Inheritance - ANSWER One gene can control behavior Polygenic inheritance - ANSWER Many genes can control behavior h^2 = 1 - ANSWER All of the differences stem from genetic differences h^2 = 0 - ANSWER None of the differences stem from genetic differences Tyron's Study of Maze Learning -through mazes after only a few errors ANSWER Selectively bred rats for their ability to get
First law of behavioral genetics - ANSWER All human behavioral traits are heritable 0 - ANSWER H^2 is always greater than
Second law of behavioral genetics -family is smaller than the effect of genes ANSWER The effect of being raised in the same
Third law of behavioral genetics -complex behavioral traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or families ANSWER A substantial portion of the variation in
e^2 - ANSWER h^2 is always greater than 1 - ANSWER h^2 + e^2 is always less than Multifactorial -factors as well as genetic ones ANSWER Refers to traits that are affected by a host of environmental
Heritability -variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic ANSWER A statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured differences among those individuals Gastrulation - ANSWER Cell specification into three distinct layers Neurulation - ANSWER Specification of neural tissue Neurogenesis - ANSWER Amplification of cell number Neural Specialization -and differentiation ANSWER Major brain divisions created by fate specification
Synaptogenesis - ANSWER Formation of synapses
connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual'sexperiences
William James -"blooming, buzzing confusion" ANSWER Without perceptual experiences, infants are born into a
Psychological Atomism -awareness of reality by mixing sensations (like the brightness and solidity) through ANSWER The doctrine that the mind constructs its "mental chemistry" (i.e. associations) Amniotic sac - ANSWER The fetus can detect the flavors of the 9th month - ANSWER Fetuses can learn to recognize some of what they hear Secular trends -occurred over generations ANSWER Marked changes in physical development that have
Failure to thrive -to grow or gain weight for no obvious medical reason ANSWER A condition in which infants become malnourished and fail
Sensation -the sensory receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) and the brain ANSWER The processing of basic information from the external world by
Preferential-looking technique -infants that involves showing infants two patterns or two objects at a time to see if the ANSWER A method for studying visual attention in infants have preference for one over the other 8 months - ANSWER Infants' vision comparable to adults Contrast sensitivity -in a visual pattern ANSWER The ability to detect differences in light and dark areas
Visual Scanning -movements are not smooth ANSWER Infants are attracted to moving stimuli but their eye
2 to 3 months - ANSWER Infants can track movements Pattern perception -analyze and integrate the separate elements of visual display ANSWER Requires visual acuity, visual scanning, and the ability to
8 months -which can act as an occluder ANSWER Can see the Kanisza square and can interpret it as a real object
Perceptual constancy -shape, color, etc., in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object ANSWER The perception of objects as being of constant size,
Object segregation - ANSWER The identification of separate objects in a visual array Convergence -space ANSWER Turning inward of the eyes so they point to the same point in
Object expansion -more of the background, indicating that the object is approaching ANSWER A depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly
1 month - ANSWER Object expansion At birth - ANSWER Convergence Binocular disparity -each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain ANSWER The difference between the retinal image of an object in
Maturational effects - ANSWER Limited by development of perception Limited by development of the body growth Environmental effects -Limited by motivation ANSWER Limited by nutrition
Practice effects -Motor pathways refined through use ANSWER New skills built out of prior abilities
Cephalocaudal -lower part of the body ANSWER The upper portion of the body develops quicker than the
Proximodistal -part of the body. ANSWER The middle part of the body develops quicker than the outer
Newborn-7 weeks - ANSWER Prereaching Prereaching -general vicinity of objects they see ANSWER Clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward the
3 months - ANSWER Voluntary reaching 5 months - ANSWER Reaching for moving objects 7 months - ANSWER Arms work independently 9 months - ANSWER Reaching for moving objects that change direction
4 to 8 months -and luminous objects ANSWER Reach readily and accurately in the dark for sounding objects
Newborns - ANSWER Ulnar grasp 4-5 months - ANSWER Transfer object from hand to hand 1 year - ANSWER Pincer grasp 19-24 months - ANSWER Manipulate objects with good coordination Self-locomotion - ANSWER The ability to move oneself around in the environment 8 months - ANSWER Self-locomotion Scale Error -miniature object that is impossible sue to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of ANSWER The attempt by a young child to perform an action on a the child and the object Reflexes -stimulation ANSWER Innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular
Moro reflex -decrease force when hitting ground ANSWER Arms flail out so you can be caught more easily or catch fall and
Babinski reflex - ANSWER Babies toes curl when foot is stroked Stepping reflex - ANSWER A neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first on leg and then
