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"Adolescence"
not a thing until 19th century teenagers came about 50 years ago before, children were considered little adults industrialization lead to changes in jobs and kids now couldn't work because adults needed the jobs, so they went to school period of social transition for the individual TERM 2
emerging adulthood
DEFINITION 2 people now wait to get married and have kids, they go to school longer and have a higher education TERM 3
Identity
DEFINITION 3 attainment of adult status causes the adolescent to feel more adult like, "What do I want to be" TERM 4
Autonomy development
DEFINITION 4 adult status leads to shifts in responsibilities independence and freedom make your own decisions, often with long term effects usually a gradual process for people TERM 5
Erik Erikson framework
DEFINITION 5 identity verse identity confusion/diffusion coherent and unique sense of self is formed coming to terms with who you are some things can be learned from others (if we are graceful, what things should be stopped or continued)encourages self exploration to find who you are
James Marcia
focuses on work, ideology, and relationships individuals rated on : degree to which they have made commitments and degree of which they engage in sustained search process TERM 7
Identity statuses
DEFINITION 7 (Marcia) can be on difference stages for different things Diffusion : confused, little progress (I don't think about that) Foreclosure : status determined by adults, not personal experience (haven't thought about it, parents are demo, so I am too) Moratorium : examinealternatives, none satisfactory (not sure, both sound good, unsure which is best) Achievement : deliberating choosing identity (Thought it over, I am rep, they are most rightto our country) TERM 8
Emotional Relationships with Parents and
Teens
DEFINITION 8 teens usually feel close to parents, respect them and their ideas, love them and feel loved, respect their judgement 20% worry they don't have enough time with parents teens and parents tend to have similar beliefs in importance in work, school, jobs, personal characteristics social economic status has huge impact, verse age, on this stuff TERM 9
Disagreements with Parent and Teen
DEFINITION 9 disagree on mundane things (dyed hair, piercing) disagreement stems from different perspectives on issues (parents see right and wrong, teen see it as a personal choice) TERM 10
Psychological and Behavioral Control
DEFINITION 10 Psych (shameful, needs of parents greatest, make them feel guilty, owe them something) has a negative impactBehavioral (monitoring) has a positive impact
Why are peers
important?
provide models and feedback in regard of who you are help in self image assist in development of autonomy provide context for decision making skills intimateand sexual relationships influence achievements TERM 17
Peer Pressure
DEFINITION 17 most likely to conform to peer pressure in short term day to day matters and social matters or when standards aren't clear peeks at age 14- friends usually don't force in choices don't commit antisocial behavior if friends do usually most influences arepositive aditdutes tend to shape who your friends are give in more when they have dismissive parents teens primary influence by parents on long term issues and values, religion, ethics generally TERM 18
Guiding Principles and Assumptions on
Development
DEFINITION 18 development continues into adulthood paths of development are morevariablesand self directed then earlier life times inter-individualvariability(people act as agents of their own developments) (variabilitybetween people) development involves more than growth (maintaining stability and adapting to declines and losses) development is cumulative TERM 19
Markers of Adulthood
DEFINITION 19 self sufficient emphasized more becoming an adult is a gradual process, not just an event transitions may be easier in societies where adult status is linked to social roles longer transitions to adulthood linked to extensive education, marry later, work harder, lack of clear structure => lead to stress) TERM 20
Physical Functioning
DEFINITION 20 at peak in adulthood athletes peak at ages 20-30s cardio, respiratory, immune and everything going good senescence : normal aging gradual age related to process of decline homeostasis : automatic adjustment to go maintainequilibriumphysical health:chronicissues (obesity, type II diabetes)
Cognitive Development
New ways of thinking young adults are capable of more advanced logic then someadolescents brain development immersion into social roles and context that require more complex thought TERM 22
Post-formal
Thinking
DEFINITION 22 Piagetrelativistic, flexible, and pragmatic,toleranceof ambiguities andcontractionsintegrated with emotion (cognitive-effectivecomplexity) TERM 23
Reflective Judgement
DEFINITION 23 ability to reflect on your own knowledge and critically evaluate it, understanding and knowledge needs revisioncan be uncertain TERM 24
Moral Reason
DEFINITION 24 Kohlberg- post conventional process: slower, methodical, deliberation and analysis with fewer errors TERM 25
Moral Intuition
DEFINITION 25 immediatereaction of approval or disapproval regarding someone conduct fast, automatic, emotions errors in judgement
Triangular Theory of Love
Sternburg passion (fast and early) commitment (slow but long lasting)(stick-to-it-aness) intimacy (slowly, maintains) love over time romantic loveinitially consummate love companionate love may stay in relationship because of time and resources put into it TERM 32 DEFINITION 32 Triangular Theory of Love TERM 33
Courtship
DEFINITION 33 self disclosure, fallin in love, attachment styles (listed below) Secure: 60% good with intimacy and autonomy Preoccupied: Worried with relationships Dismissive Avoidance: Dismissive of attachment Fearful Avoidant: Fearful of attachment TERM 34
Interpersonal Attrachtion
DEFINITION 34 Proximity: see more like them more Similarly: Demographic characteristics, attitude and values, interests, personality Physical attractiveness TERM 35
Long Term Love
DEFINITION 35 more committed spend time together share possessions make choices together develop ways to settle issues care for each other
4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Gottmanways to wreck relationships criticism (generalize... you always...) contempt (name calling,mocking) defensiveness (cross complaining, makesexcuses) stone walling (lack of communication) tic for tac (you don't, well you don't do this, well because you don't) TERM 37
Marital Satisfaction
DEFINITION 37 declines after 2-4 years post marriage (kids) wives do it before husbands may be inevitable married are happier and healthy then divorced TERM 38
Break up and Divorce
DEFINITION 38 50% marriage end in divorce recently declining gay and lesbian couples may break up at rates somewhat happier than those of married couples effects psychology well being, health, financial standing TERM 39
3 Reasons for Cohabitation
DEFINITION 39 convenience andaccessibility(not long term and marriage may not be a goal) trail marriage, if it doesn't end in marriage, break up substitute to marriage, morecommonwith older couples (financialbenefits) socially acceptable now so people don't think it will wreck a marriage anymore or take away from honeymoon bliss TERM 40
Singlehood
DEFINITION 40 70% women and 80% men single between 20- men tend to remain single longer 2x as many Africans than Europeans are single throughout adulthood women tend to be less resolved about being single compared to men
Sex and Middle Age
women change more still active, but usually less than before and usually lesssatisfactionis had TERM 47
Women and
Sex
DEFINITION 47 menopause lower levels of estrogen related symptoms somatic symptoms (sleep less, headaches, high heart rates) women's perceptions varyhealth implicationshormone replacementtherapy give women estrogens to get rid of some symptoms but increase chance of some cancers (breast) TERM 48
Men and
Sex
DEFINITION 48 30% decline inandrogensand spermandropause is a decrease in testosterone but still able to produce childrentestosterone replacementtherapy long term risks unknown, not recommend unless major hormone loss enlarged prostate (blocks peeing)erectile disfunction TERM 49
Influences on Health
DEFINITION 49 genesbehavior health risks stress leads to cortisol being release which affects brain environment workplace hazards, toxins, poor living conditions can erode health over time actions taken to cope with stress (comfort eating)exercise (improvescardiovascularsystem functioning) TERM 50
Stress
DEFINITION 50 response of the body to perceived threats or demands intheenvironment chronic stress damage bodily systemsandelevates risks of acute illness andchronicdisease
Misconceptions on Aging People
tired, weakpoorly coordinatedmoney issuesprone to illness TERM 52
Positive Aspects of Aging
DEFINITION 52 some intelligence increased with age more confident moremaritalsatisfaction active involvement incommunities TERM 53
Negative Aspects of Aging
DEFINITION 53 health challenges economic disadvantages ageism : discrimination and prejudice against individual onthebias of age TERM 54
Life Expectancy
DEFINITION 54 average number of years that a person born in a certain year can expect to live here is about 78, we are 50th out of 224 13% of Americans are 65+ Italy is the oldest country max life span: 125 ... called supercentenarians if they live over 100 TERM 55
Program Theories of Aging
DEFINITION 55 built in clock causes US to age and die off
Normal Chances in Memory
little decline in memory and lower long term memory working memory usually declines slightly, more so with highchallenging, may not useefficientstrategies for encoding episodicmemory worsethanyoung adults (greatest decline with age) Reminiscencebump (remember ages 10-30 most -the big changes and events) no age differences insemantic(words)andproceduralmemories TERM 62
Explanations of Memory Change
DEFINITION 62 speed of processing declines with age (speed) can'tperform2 tasks at once (process resources) vision and hearing issues (sensory) can't weed outunimportantinformation (inhibition) can't use encoding /retrievaltools (recollection) TERM 63
Alzheimers Disease
DEFINITION 63 most common type of dementia (serious behavioralandcognitiveimpairments)symptoms: loss in memory, attention,confusiondifficultywith communication, changes in personalityincreases in age (over 65)brain isdeteriorating, starts mild and growswomen are of greater risk TERM 64
How is it Diagnosed
DEFINITION 64 autopsyconfirmsitmicroscopic analysis of neurons in the brain can lead to diagnosed peopleusually based on extensive psychoneurological testing (other causes are ruled out) TERM 65
Causes and Explinations
DEFINITION 65 exact cause is unknowngenetic markers Amyloidplaques-proteinsdestroy neurons andsynapses neurofibrillary tangles- tangle up neurons messing them up apolipoproteinE- increasedlevelsput you at risk estrogenlevels in females (lower levels)
Treatment of Alzheimers
no curethough symptoms can be treatedGalantamine- helps memoryThioridazine - psychotic issuesAntidepressants - treat depression TERM 67
Successes of Aging
DEFINITION 67 stimulating cognitive activity physical activity (aerobic is best) reducing cardiovascular risk factors social engagement life styles canpreservebrain healthinterventions create substantial and durable change in cognitive functioning TERM 68
Characteristics of Wisdom
DEFINITION 68 great breadth and knowledge about life and human nature effective use of knowledge to make decisions and solve problems understanding of a problem in the context of another's unique life circumstances concern with human values and welfare of others TERM 69
Defining Death
DEFINITION 69 PersistentVegetativeState higher cortical function is gone but havebrainstemfunctioning Brain Death all signs of brain activity has stopped for a specific amount of time (24 hours) TERM 70
End of Life Things
DEFINITION 70 Advance Directives a legal document specifying the life sustaining medicaltreatmentspeople wish to receive personal control Living Will provides directions about life-sustaining treatments the person does and does not want Durable Power of Attorney authorizes aspecificperson to makehealthcaredecisions
