Download Introduction to Developmental and Industrial Psychology: Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Social Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
longitudinal
track people over time. ex: age, and political opinions, and how they may change over time advantages: better results disadvantages: keeping track can be difficult. (time and money) TERM 2
cross-sectional
DEFINITION 2 wide variety of people(ages) and see if theres differences in them right now TERM 3
what can newborns
do?
DEFINITION 3 reflexes -rooting reflex(happens upon birth) ex: being touched on the right side, you look to the right TERM 4
Piaget's stages
DEFINITION 4 -sensorimotor (0-2 years): object permanence(if a baby cant see something then is ceases to exist) -pre operational stage(preschool)conservation, egocentrism, and theory of mind - concrete operational(6-7 years) conservation has been mastered, and mathematical transformations -formal operational(age 12) abstract thinking: the ability to think about things that arent right in front of us. TERM 5
contributions to Piaget
DEFINITION 5 -influential theory: babies are NOT miniature adults in cognition -developed milestones -realized that children learn from interacting with the world
criticisms of Piaget
-stages vs. continual development -Piaget underestimated abilities TERM 7
alternatives to Piaget
DEFINITION 7 -information processing: -more time needed to process as children -forgetting -sociocultural approach: children cant always do things on their own -Scaffolding TERM 8
Kohlberg's levels
DEFINITION 8 -pre conventional 1. avoids punishment 2. seeks awards - conventional: no longer relying on words and punishments. also start to look at interacting with other people. we also start to internalize what the right thing to do is. -post conventional: -5. respect for individual rights that are democratically agreed upon -
- highest stage; acts according to standards of ones own TERM 9
Heinz dilemma
DEFINITION 9 -Heinz wife had a rare cancer -drug available, but expensive; $2,000 per dose(10x markup) -Heinz borrowed, got $1,000, offered to pay the other half later -pharmacist says no -Heinz broke into the store and stole the drug TERM 10
Kohlberg's levels
DEFINITION 10 -pre conventional (< 9 years) -conventional (early adolescence) -post conventional
social development
-deprivation -abuse/neglect -does day care effect attachment? TERM 17
Research conclusions on
spanking
DEFINITION 17 -frequent and harsh punishment -often associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes -effects of mld, occasional spanking -is not well researched -no clear conclusions -caution against the use of spanking is advised because of alternatives TERM 18
parenting practices
DEFINITION 18 -parenting styles -warmth and control -authoritarian: high control and low warmth -permissive: combo of low control and high warmth -authoritative: high control -neglectful: low control and low warmth TERM 19
Adolescence
DEFINITION 19 -physical development -gender differences -frontal lobe development lags behind limbic system -video -debate about juveniles and courts TERM 20
gender
DEFINITION 20 -sex vs. gender -sex-biological -inter sex -gender-cultural and psychological -we do or perform gender -transgender -gender -gender roles -gender identity
how important are gender
roles?
-Pat from SNL: cant tell what gender -X: a fabulous childs story TERM 22
explanations for sex/gender differences
DEFINITION 22
- biological/nature(evolutionary psych) 2. learning/nurture(social psych) TERM 23
evolutionary psych
DEFINITION 23 -a sexy branch of psych; study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection -natural selection: among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on - nature selects behaviors that increase the likelihood of sending ones genes into the future evolutionary explanation for video: men benefit from multiple partners, and women benefit from invested partners TERM 24
sex drive
study
DEFINITION 24 1989 study TERM 25
evolutionary study
DEFINITION 25 -men tend to be attracted to: -youth -waist size(1/3 narrower to hips) -women to be attracted to: -mature -dominant - affluent: established
conclusions about gender
differences -variety of theories -combo. of nature and nurture TERM 32
industrial organization psych
DEFINITION 32 -what is it? -studies human behavior in work settings ex: office space -motivation, satisfaction, reductions in force, leadership -the industrial/organizational split TERM 33
industrial psych
DEFINITION 33 -employers perspective -recruitment -interviewing -selection -training -performance appraisals -legal -how to be a more productive worker TERM 34
selection
DEFINITION 34 -tests(paper/pencil/online) -intelligence -personality -work sample tests TERM 35
performance appraisals
DEFINITION 35 -several purposes: -employee feedback, who to reward/promote -many typer -360 degree feedback: feedback all around you -errors in rating -halo error: we remember one really good thing that someone did. -leniency error: everyone gets rated higher than their actual performance -severity error: everyone gets rated below their actual performance
organized psychology
-employees perspective -job stress -motivation and satisfaction -leadership and teams -fairness -human factors/ergonomics TERM 37
motivation
DEFINITION 37 -serves 3 functions: -energizes, causes action -directs behavior towards specific goals -sustains the effort Maslows hierarchy of needs -self actualization needs -esteem needs - belongings and love needs -safety needs -physiological needs TERM 38
motivation continued...
DEFINITION 38 continued: -why are some more motivated than others - reinforcement -extra credit -punishment -intrinsic motivation -desire, want -extrinsic motivation -motivated by other rewards or punishments; pay, status, etc. TERM 39
equity theory of motivation
DEFINITION 39 -ratio of inputs and outputs -largely based on social comparison -upward comparison -downward comparison - lateral comparison -perception of fairness plays a crucial role TERM 40
emotion
DEFINITION 40 -a feeling or affect that can invoke James Lange theory -sight of oncoming car--pounding heart--fear(emotion)
happiness
-adaptation-level phenomenon -tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level -ex: level of income - relative deprivation -perception that one is worse off relative with whom one compares oneself -downward caparison(equity theory) TERM 47
stress and health
DEFINITION 47 -stress -the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges(stressors) -acute - major life events, natural disasters -chronic -daily hassles, longer period of time TERM 48
stress at work
DEFINITION 48 -role overload too much to do, too little time -role ambiguity - unclear expectations -role conflict -incompatible demands between roles TERM 49
stress at work
DEFINITION 49 -constant critic -screaming mimi -gatekeeper -two headed snake TERM 50
how stress can effect job performance
DEFINITION 50 -physical health -cardiac health,immune functions - performance -lower satisfaction -job burnout -mental health - anxiety and depression
coping
-problem focused coping -emotion focused coping -small doses TERM 52
reducing the impact of stress and illness
DEFINITION 52 -hardiness -commitment -control -challenge -social support - emotional -material -pets, too! TERM 53
managing stress
DEFINITION 53 -exercise -biofeedback, relaxation and meditation
