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PSYCH TEST 4 LATEST UPDATES - 2025/2026- ACTUAL
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what are the four defense behaviors of alzheimer disease? denial confabulation perseveration avoidance of questions hyperorality is the need to taste, chew, and put everything in one's mouth agnosia the inability to recognize familiar objects. confabulation a defense mechanism - making up of stories or answers to maintain self-esteem when the person does not remember. It is not the same thing as lying. For example, a patient has been in the nursing home all week. You ask the patient how her weekend was. She tells you she went to visit her son and grandchildren and tells you about the nice dinner that they shared.
Hypermetamorphosis touching everything you see Perseveration is the repetition of phrases or behaviors, intensified under stress. cognitive impairment involves the four A's what are they? (relating to alzheimer's disease) amnesia or memory impairment aphasia apraxia agnosia dyslexia difficulty in reading Dyscalculia difficulty with math
Manifested by repetitive purposeless movement such as hand-waving, rocking, nail-biting, head banging for a period of 4 weeks or more stereotypic movement disorder what motor disorder does this describe? Sudden, nonrhythmic, and rapid motor movements or vocalizations Presents with early childhood onset, ranging from mild to severe spasms; can be embarrassing Can be: Vocal: Grunting, sniffing, barking, coprolalia, palilalia, echolalia Motor: Gestures, jumping, hopping, skipping, tongue protrusions, etc. tics Corpolalia involuntary outbursts of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks. occurs in less than 10% of the cases palilalia
a complex tic characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases. what is provisional tic disorder? Single or multiple motor and or vocal tics for less than 1 year. what is persistent motor or vocal tic disorder? Single or multiple motor or vocal tics but not both for more than 1 year. what is Tourette's disorder? Multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic for more than 1 year. All of these problems occur before age 18, with the typical age of onset between 4 and 6 years. Symptoms tend to peak in early adolescence and diminish into adulthood.
- often coexists with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety.
- Approximately 63% of those with this disorder have also been diagnosed with ADHD
affects more boys contributes to low frustration tolerance, temper outbursts, labile moods, poor school performance, peer rejection, and low self-esteem ADHD Children with ADHD are often diagnosed with comorbid disorders such as - oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder what are interventions for ADHD? Behavior modification therapy Parent training School accommodations (IEP, 504 Plan, TDT) Pharmacologic agents that address inattention and hyperactive and impulsive behaviors
- Stimulants: Vyvanse, Adderall, Concerta
- Non-stimulants: Guanfacine, Strattera, Wellbutrin, Clonidine What diagnosis was added to the DSM-V to reduce # of incorrect bipolar diagnoses? disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
what are the 3 anxiety disorders? separation anxiety disorder selective mutism specific phobias what anxiety disorder does this describe? The child displays a consistent failure to speak in situations where speaking is an expectation, although the child is able to speak at other times symptoms interfere with academic, social, occupational achievements. selective mutism what anxiety disorder does this describe? inappropriate fear or anxiety surrounding separateon from the person to whom the child is most attached.
- The child may worry about losing important people to injury or death or about being lost or kidnapped.
- The child may refuse to stay with grandparents or friends and insist on sleeping near the parental figure.
- Nightmares with the theme of separation may occur, as well as somatic complaints such as stomach upset when separation is anticipated.
- Anxiety can progress to a panic disorder or long-standing phobia
- Rarely seek comfort or respond to comforting
- Symptoms include limited positive affect, irritability, sadness, fearfulness, and minimal social responsiveness They often have an increased symptoms of physical symptoms, nightmares, bedwetting, or other aggressive symptoms Causes include inconsistent care, frequent changes in caregiver and living in the foster homes or orphanages. Reactive Attachment Disorder PTSD
- exhibit anxiety, depression, phobia, conversion reactions Anxiety displayed externally manifests as irritability and aggression, poor academic performance, somatic reports, belief life will be short and difficulty in sleeping Small children decrease play and engagement what are the elimination disorders? enuresis and encopresis what elimination disorder is this?
- Repeated voiding of urine
- Involuntary or intentional
- more common in boys
- considered normal until the age of 5
- normally its involuntary and not intentional
- normally if its intentional its associated with disruptive behaviors Enuresis what elimination disorder is this?
- Repeated passage of feces
- Voluntary or intentional
- Primary, secondary, retentive, and non-retentive types
- considered normal until the age of 4
- often seen in operational defiance disorder or history of sexual abuse Encopresis what interventions would you do for enuresis? we do behavioral approaches, moisture alarms, no fluids two hours before bed scheduled wake up times. what interventions would you do for encopresis? dietary changes, positive approach bathroom schedule, CBT suppositories, animals, stool softeners and laxatives especially for the more retentive types.
¡ Vindictive It impairs their life, making school functioning, and friendships and family life difficult. Children do typically outgrow this, especially if they receive treatment for comorbid conditions like ADHD. some do not improve and continue to experience issues throughout life. diagnosed around the age of eight, but can be seen as early as three, but not usually later than early adolescence.
- more common in males the most common comorbidity is ADHD oppositional defiant disorder with conduct disorder you must have 3 of the following: what are the characteristics? Bullies or intimidates others; Initiates physical fights Has used a weapon Physically cruel to people or animals Has stolen while confronting a victim; Has stolen nontrivial items Has forced someone into sexual activity Deliberate fire-setting to cause damage; Deliberate destruction of property Has broken into a house, car, or building Lies/deceitful to obtain favors or avoid obligations Stays out at night despite parental rules; has run away overnight at least twice Often truant from school
conduct disorder This is a persistent pattern of behavior in which the rights of others are violated and societal norms are rules are disturbed or discarded.
- where you're seeing the use of weapons, um, fighting, bullying, being physically cruel to people or animals, setting things on fire, deliberately causing damage to property.
- complications include: jail, drug or alcohol abuse People with conductive disorders typically crave excitement and don't really worry about the consequences. two subtypes - child onset versus adolescent It's thought to be higher in urban settings than rural, and more common in males versus females four times greater among those diagnosed previously with the oppositional defiant, and often there's a co-morbidity of ADHD. what are conduct disorder contributing factors? Parental neglect or rejection Difficult infant temperament Inconsistent child-rearing and harsh discipline Physical or sexual abuse Lack of supervision Early institutionalization Large family size and chaotic home life
- The aggression can be verbal or physical and is targeted toward other people, animals, property, or even oneself. Ex: Cannot locate favorite video game and punches fist through TV; as rage continues may attack anyone who intervenes Dx as early as 6, typically between 13- 21 More males affected the aggression can be verbal or physical. It's typically targeted towards other people, animals or properties, or even oneself. intermittent explosive disorder aphasia loss of speech apraxia loss of purposeful movement in the absence of motor or sensory impairment ex - loss ability to brush their hair what are the interventions for impulse disorders? Promote a climate of safety for the patient and for others. Establish rapport with the patient. Set limits and expectations. Consistently follow through with consequences of rule breaking.
Provide structure and boundaries. Provide activities and opportunities for achievement of goals to promote a sense of purpose. Patients with intermittent explosive disorder may be treated on an inpatient basis, particularly if they are facing employment and relationship consequences of angry outbursts ential treatment are often needed. Parent Management Training Parents of children with oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder tend to engage in patterns of negative interactions, ineffective harsh punishments, emotionally charged commands and comments, and poor modeling of appropriate behaviors. Treating children and adolescents, parental intervention is an essential component of care. PMT is used to (1) help parents manage their offspring's behavior, (2) learn and use successful discipline techniques, and (3) promote positive behaviors in their children (Taylor et al., 2019). This evidence-based treatment is for children aged 2 to 14 with mild to severe behavioral problems. Home visits and programs such as Head Start can also reduce future oppositional behaviors and delinquency. social skills training
Behavioral Interventions - Reward desired behaviors to reduce maladaptive behaviors. Play Therapy - Allows children to express feelings such as anxiety, self-doubt, and fear through the natural use of play. Bibliotherapy - Involves using literature to help the child express feelings in a supportive environment, gain insight into feelings and behavior, and learn new ways to cope with difficult situations. Journaling - a tangible way of recording and viewing emotions and may be a way to begin a dialogue with others. Music Therapy - can be used to improve physical, psychological, cognitive, behavioral, and social functioning. Movement and Dance - a direct expression of the self that helps the youth become more aware of feelings and thoughts, dissipate tensions, develop greater body awareness, improve or correct a distorted body image Recreational Therapy if a child is participating in expressive therapy and they draw very small pictures what could this indicate about how the child feels? shyness, insecurity
if a child is participating in expressive therapy and they draw large pictures what could this indicate about how the child feels? aggression, poor impulse control if a child is participating in expressive therapy and they draw a person and leave off their hands, legs, feet, and mouth what could this indicate about how the child feels? hands (trauma, insecurity), arms (inadequacy, powerlessness), legs (lack of support), feet (insecurity, helplessness), mouth (difficulty expressing self, not having a voice) when a child is doing expressive therapy and they draw somebody with scattered or disorganized parts what does this indicate? cognitive or psychological problems or both. who are CNS stimulants contraindicated in and with? in patients with a history of substance use disorder, cardiovascular disorder, severe anxiety and psychosis. with MAOIs caffeine, over-the-counter cold and decongestants. avoid alcohol
