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Psychology 101-Chapter 1 Introduction
to Psychology Already Passed
Psychology ✔✔The study of emotion, cognition, and behavior, and their and interaction.
Motivation ✔✔The process that energizes and/or maintains a behavior.
Cognition ✔✔The process of receiving, processing, storing, and using information.
Behaviorism ✔✔The school of psychology founded on the premise that behavior is measurable and can be changed through the application of various behavioral principles.
Gestalt ✔✔German word typically translated as meaning "whole" or "form".
Humanistic Psychology ✔✔A theoretical view of human nature which stresses a positive view of human nature and the strong belief in psychological homeostasis.
Psychoanalysis ✔✔Developed by Sigmund Freud, this type of therapy is known for long term treatment, typically several times per week, where the unresolved issues from the individual's
childhood are analyzed and resolved. These issues are considered to be primarily unconscious in nature and are kept from consciousness through a complex defense system.
Naturalistic Observation ✔✔A research method where the subject(s) is (are) observed without interruption under normal or natural circumstances.
Independent Variable ✔✔The variable in an experiment that is manipulated or compared.
Dependent Variable ✔✔The variable in an experiment that is measured; the outcome of an experiment.
Experimental group ✔✔In research, the group of subjects who receive the independent variable.
Control group ✔✔The group of subjects in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable.
Random Assignment ✔✔Assigning subjects to experimental groups based on chance.
Reliability ✔✔A statistical measure of a test's consistency, or ability to result in similar scores if given repeatedly.
Validity ✔✔Statistical technique used to determine if a test is actually measuring what it is intended to measure.
Measure of Central Tendency ✔✔An average (mean, median, and mode)
Mean ✔✔A method of determining an average where the sum of the scores is divided by the number of scores.
Median ✔✔A method of determining an average by using the score that falls in the middle of the distribution.
Mode ✔✔A method of determining an average by using the score(s) which occurs most frequently.
Range ✔✔A statistical term representing the difference between the highest score and the lowest score.
Standard Deviation ✔✔A statistical formula used to determine the amount of difference expected from one score to the next.
Normal Curve (Distribution) ✔✔A graphical interpretation of a population that is "bell shaped" as it has the highest frequency in the middle and this frequency diminishes the farther you get from the center on either end.
Population ✔✔The entire group to which research is hoping to generalize (e.g., males, adults, U.S. citizens)
Placebo ✔✔A treatment condition used to control for the placebo effect where the treatment has no real effect on its own.
Experimental Method ✔✔Research method using random assignment of subjects and the manipulation of variables in order to determine cause and effect.
Psychiatrist ✔✔A medical doctor with training in mental illness.
Selection Bias ✔✔Errors in the selection and placement of subjects into groups that results in differences between groups which could effect the results of the experiment.
Stimulus ✔✔Anything in the environment to which one responds.
Variable ✔✔Any factor which has the potential to influence another factor in a research study.
