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Psychology 101: Chapters 1- 3 Latest
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Psychology ✔✔the scientific study of behavioral and mental processes
Wilhelm Wundt ✔✔Psychologist who established the first psychology lab in 1879. Founding father of psychology. He was the creator of structuralism.
Structuralism ✔✔Wundt's approach that focuses on identifying the structures of the human mind
Behavior ✔✔Something that can be observed directly
Mental Processes ✔✔Thoughts, feelings, and motives that cannot be observed directly
Critical Thinking ✔✔The process of reflecting deeply and evaluating evidence
Empirical Method ✔✔Gaining knowledge through collecting data and logical reasoning
Positive Psychology ✔✔Branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths
William James ✔✔A well-known psychologist who developed an approach known as functionalism
Functionalism ✔✔James's approach that emphasizes the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior
Natural Selection ✔✔Darwin's theory that only the most fit and well-adapted animals survive and pass on their traits
Biological Approach ✔✔A focus on the body, especially the brain and the nervous system
Neuroscience ✔✔Study of the function, structure, genetics, and development of the nervous system
Behavioral Approach ✔✔Study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants
Developmental Psychology ✔✔Biological and environmental factors that influence human development
Women and Gender Psychology ✔✔Psychological, social, and cultural influences on women's development and behavior
Personality Psychology ✔✔Characteristics of individuals, traits, motives, goals
Social Psychology ✔✔Deals with people's interaction with one another, relationships, and social cognition
Industrial and Organization Psychology ✔✔Main concerns include personnel matters and human resources management
Clinical and Counseling Psychology ✔✔Diagnose and treat people with psychological problems
Health Psychology ✔✔Emphasizes psychological factors, lifestyles, and nature of healthcare delivery system
School and Educational Psychology ✔✔Concerns a child's learning and adjustment in school
Environmental Psychology ✔✔Interactions between people and their environment
Forensic Psychology ✔✔Applies psychological concepts to the legal system
Sport Psychology ✔✔Improving sports performance and participation
Cross-cultural Psychology ✔✔Culture's role in understanding behavior, thought and emotion
Scientific Method ✔✔Observe, Formulate, Test, Draw Conclusions, Evaluate
Variable ✔✔Anything that can change
Theory ✔✔A broad idea that explains observations and predicts future observations
Internal Validity ✔✔How well the experiment was designed and carried out
Experimenter Bias ✔✔Experimenter's expectations influence the results of the outcomes
Demand Characteristics ✔✔Aspects of the study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave
Research Participant Bias ✔✔Participants behave how they think they are supposed to
Placebo Effect ✔✔Participants expectations, rather than actual treatment, produce an outcome
Placebo ✔✔A harmless substance that has no effect
Double-blind Experiment ✔✔Experimenter and participants are unsure of control and experiment groups
Population ✔✔Group that the experimenter wants to draw conclusions about
Sample ✔✔A subset of population chosen for the study
Random Sample ✔✔Everyone has an equal chance of being chosen
Naturalistic Observation ✔✔Viewing behavior in a real-world setting
Artificial World Setting ✔✔Lab setting
Inferential Statistics ✔✔Draw conclusions, how well does the sample generalize the population
Ethical Research ✔✔Participants have rights. Need to know what they are participating in and what the effects are. Animals have rights too.
Consumers ✔✔Need to be aware that the information they receive may be skewed
Nervous System ✔✔Complex, integrated, adaptable, electrochemical transmission
Resting Potential ✔✔Stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron
Action Potential ✔✔Brief wave of positive charge that rushes down the axon
All-Or-Nothing Principle ✔✔Once an electrical impulse reaches a certain charge (threshold), it fires and moves down the axon without losing intensity
Synapse ✔✔Gaps between neurons
Neurotransmitters ✔✔Involved in sending information across synapse gaps to other neurons
Acetylcholine ✔✔Muscle actions, learning, memory. Alzheimers: lower ach levels
GABA ✔✔Anxiety: lower GABA levels
Glutamate ✔✔Excitatory, learning and memory. Involved in many psychological disorders
Norepinephrine ✔✔Stress and mania: higher levels
Depression: lower levels
Dopamine ✔✔Voluntary movement, reward anticipation.
Parkinson's: lower levels
Schizophrenia: higher levels
Serotonin ✔✔Sleep, mood, attention, learning.
Depression: lower levels
Prozac: higher levels
Endorphins ✔✔mediate pleasure and pain
Oxytocin ✔✔Hormone and neurotransmitter. Attachment and bonds
Brain lesioning ✔✔way to examine the brain. can be naturally occurring or induced.
Reticular formation ✔✔part of the midbrain. in charge of walking and locating sounds
Limbic System ✔✔part of the forebrain. memory and emotion
Amygdala ✔✔part of the limbic system. emotion and survival needs
Hippocampus ✔✔part of the limbic system. making new memories
Thalamus ✔✔part of the forebrain. relay station for sensory info
Basal Ganglia ✔✔part of the forebrain. coordinate voluntary movements
Hypothalamus ✔✔part of the forebrain. eating, drinking, keeping body stable, rewards
Cerebral cortex ✔✔outmost layer of brain. divided into 4 lobes
Parietal ✔✔lobe of the cerebral cortex on the top, back of head. spacial location and motors
Occipital ✔✔lobe of the cerebral cortex in the back of the head. vision
Temporal ✔✔lobe of the cerebral cortex near ears. hearing, language, and memory
Frontal ✔✔lobe of the cerebral cortex in the front of the head. intelligence and personality
Somatosensory cortex ✔✔located in the parietal lobe. body sensations and touch
Motor cortex ✔✔located in the frontal lobe. voluntary movement
Association cortex ✔✔75% of cortex. integrating sensory and motor
Corpus callosum ✔✔connects 2 hemispheres of the brain
Left hemisphere ✔✔hemisphere in charge of language, verbal processing, speech
Phenotype ✔✔observable characteristics
Stressor ✔✔threaten coping abilities
Stress ✔✔response to stressors
