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behavorists ✔✔Insist that psychologists should study observable measurable behaviors, not mental processes.
learniing ✔✔relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process due to experience
conditioning ✔✔process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses
classical conditioning ✔✔learning through involuntary paired associtations
unconditioned stimulus (USC) ✔✔stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without previous conditioning
unconditioned response (UCR) ✔✔unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning
neutral stimulus (NS) ✔✔stimulus that, before conditioning, doesn't naturally bring about a response of interest
conditioned stimulus (CS) ✔✔previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus now causes a conditioned response
conditioned response (CR) ✔✔learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus occurring because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus
6 principles of classical conditioning ✔✔acquisition, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinctions, spontaneous recovery, higher order conditioning
acquisition ✔✔delayed conditioning (most effective)
stimulus conditioning
trace conditioning
backward conditioning (least effective)
delayed conditioning ✔✔NS presented before UCS and remains until UCR begins
spontaneous recovery ✔✔sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished responsse
Watson's contribution ✔✔conditioned emotional response
operant (instrumental) conditioning ✔✔we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence (resulting events) and thus repeat behavior that has a produced good results and avoid behavior followed by bad results
Thorndike's contribution ✔✔law of effect
the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence
Skinner's contribution ✔✔sharp distinction between operant conditioning and classical conditioning
Skinner believed ✔✔in order to understand behavior, one should consider only observable external or environmental stimuli and response
positive reinforcement ✔✔adding a stimulus which strengthens a response and thus makes it more likely to recur (e.g., praise)
negative reinforcement ✔✔taking away a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur
primary reinforcers ✔✔normally satisfy an unlearned biological need
(food)
secondary reinforcers ✔✔learned value
(money)
fixed ratio (FR) ✔✔reinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses; the ratio number or amount is fixed
variable ratio (VR) ✔✔reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the ratio (number or amount) varies
avoidance behavior
modeling
temporary suppression
learned helplessness
cognitive-social theory ✔✔emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior
Kohler ✔✔chimps demonstrated insight learning
(sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution)
observational learning ✔✔learning new behaviors or information by watching others
four processes of observational learning ✔✔attention
retention
motor reproduction
reinforcement
taste aversion ✔✔classically conditioned negative association of food to illness
biological preparedness ✔✔built-in (innate) readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
instinctive drift ✔✔conditioned responses shift back toward innate response pattern
