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Wilhelm Wundt ✔✔Considered the Father of modern psychology; study of mental processes, introspection, and self-exam; established the first psychology laboratory in Germany
William James ✔✔founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; important emotion theory
Mary Calkins ✔✔American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; established one of the first U.S. psychology research laboratories; first woman president of the American Psychological Association. Student of William James.
Sigmund Freud ✔✔Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Carl Jung ✔✔Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation
Abraham Maslow ✔✔1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence
Carl Rogers ✔✔1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
Albert Ellis ✔✔1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
Charles Darwin ✔✔Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.
Ivan Pavlov ✔✔a Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning
John Watson ✔✔behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
Robert Zajonc ✔✔1923-present; Field: motivation; Contributions: believes that we invent explanations to label feelings
Joseph LeDoux ✔✔psychologist who believed that some of our emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking and cognition is not always necessary for emotion
Paul Ekman ✔✔1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal
Carroll Izard ✔✔isolated/categorized 10 well-known emotions, studied baby faces: joy, surprise, interest, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt
Hans Selye ✔✔Studied stress- the body responds in the same way to any stress (infection, failure, embarassment, a new job, trouble at school, etc) General Adaption Syndrome-a series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion).
Walter Cannon ✔✔concluded that psychological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously. Fight or flight.
Martin Seligman ✔✔1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology, learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness
Richard Lazarus ✔✔stress researcher who developed the idea of daily hassles, the daily hassles scale, and the system of appraisal of stress related to the event and one's ability to cope; believes daily hassles were worse than major life events because they are cumulative (they add up like the straw that broke the camel's back)
Jon Kabat-Zinn ✔✔Student of Zen Master Seung Sahn and a founding member of Cambridge Zen Center. Taught mindfulness meditation as a technique to help people cope with stress
