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Psychology 101; Test 1- Study guide
Questions with Complete Solutions
what is psychology? ✔✔the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior
what what did psychologists begin to do differently that separated them from philosophy? ✔✔began using the scientific method
who conducted the first documented psychology study- taught students how to use the scientific method (founded structuralism- aimed to identify the basic elements, or structures, or psychological experience) ✔✔Wilhelm Wundt
the scientific goal was to understand the functions or adaptive purposes of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (functionalism) ✔✔William James
our environment completely determines what we do- (to uncover the general principles of learning that explain all behaviors; focus is largely on observable behavior) (behaviorism) uses operant conditioning ✔✔B. F. Skinner
structuralism(the mind could be broken down into the smallest elements of mental experience- used introspective, people talking about how they view things ✔✔Edward Titchner
said that we should not study conscious but behavior- prediction and control should be the goals of psychology
(did the experiment with little Albert and the rat) used classical conditioning ✔✔John B. Watson
gestalt psychology, necessary to study a person's whole experience, not just parts of the mind or behavior ✔✔max werthermier
psychodynamic theory- emphasized the role of unconscious in thoughts and behaviors ✔✔sigmund freud
wanted to be a priest- started studying sciences won int nobel prize in 1904 for digestive system in animals ✔✔Ivan Pavior
Where do most psychologists work? ✔✔universities and 4 year colleges
(Modal Action Patterns) inborn patterns of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli- much more complex than reflexes- occur in the moting and parenting behaviors of many species ✔✔instincts
what is the definition of learning? ✔✔change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience
response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning ✔✔conditioned response
initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response as a result of association and inappropriate behavior ✔✔conditioned stimulus
automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned ✔✔unconditioned response
stimulus that elicits an automatic response ✔✔unconditioned stimulus
form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response (look at chart) ✔✔classical conditioning
learning controlled by the consequence of the organism's behavior (response is emitted) (look at chart) ✔✔operant conditioning
response occurs-a stimulus is presented-response increases ✔✔positive reinforcement
rat presses lever- gets food- lever pressing increases ✔✔positive reinforcement
tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement ✔✔instinctive drift
research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated ✔✔correlational design
cause and effect: research design is characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable ✔✔experimental designs (experiment)
advantages and disadvantages of case studies ✔✔advantages- can provide existence proofs, allow us to study rare or unusual phenomena, can offer insights for later systematic testing
disadvantages- are typically anecdotal, don't allow us to infer causation
advantages and disadvantages of correlational design ✔✔advantages- can help us to predict behavior
disadvantages- don't allow us to infer causation
advantages and disadvantages of experimental design ✔✔advantages- allow us to infer causation, high in validity
disadvantages- can sometimes be low in external validity
