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Psychology 110 Exam 1 Latest Update
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Psychology ✔✔the scientific study of behavior and mental processses
Structuralism ✔✔involved introspection and study of basic components of conscious experiences
Functionalism ✔✔explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Hypothesis ✔✔a tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables; a testable prediction or question
Operational Definition ✔✔a precise definition of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured
Theory ✔✔a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations
Correlation Coefficiant ✔✔numerical indication of magnitude and direction of the relationship between 2 variables
Independent Variable ✔✔the experimental factor that is manipulated
Dependent Variable ✔✔the variable that may be changed in the response of the independent variable
True Experiment ✔✔
Naturalistic Observation ✔✔the systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting
Case Study ✔✔an intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals
Learning ✔✔relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
Higher Order Conditioning ✔✔procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Extinction ✔✔gradual weakening and apparent disappearance or conditioned behavior; occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery ✔✔reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Pavlov's Experiment ✔✔white rat, loud bell ringing, and a baby
Operate Conditioning ✔✔actions followed by reinforcers increase; actions followed by punishers often decrease; actions are modified by consequences
Thorndox Law of Effect ✔✔behaviors are followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Skinner Operant ✔✔any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences
Reinforcement ✔✔positive and negative
Positive Reinforcement ✔✔strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response (ex: pet a dog after he obeys a command, pay a painter after he paints your house)
Negative Reinforcement ✔✔strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative (ex: take advil to kill pain, fasten seat belt to end the loud noise); this is not a punishment, it removes a punishing event
Primary Reinforcer ✔✔stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species- food, water, shelter, sex
Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer ✔✔stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer
Fixed Interval Schedule ✔✔reinforce the 1st response after a fixed time period (ex: people check more frequently for the mail at delivery)
Bobo Doll Study ✔✔conducted by: bandura
showed observational learning and modeling
Shaping ✔✔reinforcing something until 1 does it correct; gradually guiding ones actions to desired behavior
Operant Extinction ✔✔
Motivation ✔✔biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that activate and direct behavior
Arousel Theory ✔✔lacking simulation, when you feel bored and look for a way to increase arousel to some optimum level; with too much stimulation comes stress, and then we look for a way to decrease arousel
Drive Theory ✔✔ideas that psychological needs creates a drive that motivates one to satisfy that need (ex: hands are cold so you put gloves on)
Humanistic Theory ✔✔nelson
Intrinsic Motivation ✔✔desire to engage in tasks that one finds satisfying and enjoyable; motivation to do something for themself
Extrinsic Motivation ✔✔external influences ones behavior, such as rewards, social evaluation, rules and responsiblities
