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Psychology 110 Exam 3 Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Developmental psychology ✔✔study of how behavior changes over the life span
post hoc fallacy ✔✔false assumption that because one event occurred before another it must have caused the event (A causes B)
cross-sectional design ✔✔A research design in which investigators compare groups of subjects of differing age who are observed at a single point in time.
cohort effect ✔✔Effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age
longitudinal design ✔✔A research design in which investigators observe one group of subjects repeatedly over a period of time.
gene-environment interaction ✔✔Situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed.
nature via nurture ✔✔tendency of people to find or create an environment which allows the expression of their genetic predispositions
gene expression ✔✔Process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function
prenatal ✔✔Conception to birth
zygote ✔✔Fertilized egg
blastocyte ✔✔an embryonic cells, or cell that hasn't been differentiated to a specific system or as a specific type
embryo ✔✔2 weeks through 8 weeks, attaches to the mother's uterine wall, organs being to form and function, heart begins to beat; liver begins to make red blood cells, head arms and legs are clearly noticeable
fetus ✔✔Developmental stage extending from the ninth week of development to birth. Focused mostly on growth
assimilation ✔✔Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
accommodation ✔✔Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
sensorimotor stage ✔✔In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
object permanence ✔✔The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
preoperational stage ✔✔In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
egocentrism ✔✔In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view.
conservation ✔✔Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
concrete operations stage ✔✔In Piaget's theory, the stage (from 7-11) of cognitive development, in which adult-like logic appears but is limited to concrete reality.
formal operations stage ✔✔Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development (ages 11 or 12 and beyond), which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations
scaffolding ✔✔A process where the child can move from a point of difficultly in learning to where, with help(teacher), he/she can eventually achieve the task independently.
zone of proximal development ✔✔Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
theory of mind ✔✔Ability to reason about what other people know or believe
gender role ✔✔Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex.
identity ✔✔One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
psychosocial crisis ✔✔Critical issue accompanying each of Erickson's 8 stages of development that a person must address as they pass through the stage. Failure to do so may keep person from being successful in later stages.
emerging adulthood ✔✔For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
midlife crisis ✔✔Feelings of boredom and stagnation in middle adulthood; time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle
empty-nest syndrome ✔✔alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home
social psychology ✔✔The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
social comparison theory ✔✔The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people
mass hysteria ✔✔Outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion
social facilitation ✔✔Change in behavior that occurs when people believe they are in the presence of other people.
attribution ✔✔Suggests how we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition
fundamental attribution error ✔✔The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
pluralistic ignorance ✔✔Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
diffusion of responsibility ✔✔Reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect
social loafing ✔✔Decrease in effort and productivity that occurs when an individual works in a group instead of alone.
altruism ✔✔A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self interest.
enlightenment effect ✔✔learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better
aggression ✔✔Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
relational aggression ✔✔A form of aggression more commonly used by girls which is aimed at hurting others by sabotaging their reputations and relationships with peers (gossip)
attitude ✔✔belief that includes an emotional component
self monitoring ✔✔A personality trait that measures the ability to adjust behavior to external situational factors
cognitive dissonance ✔✔An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
self perception theory ✔✔determine our beliefs and attitudes by looking back at our own behavior
impression management theory ✔✔The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen
foot in the door technique ✔✔persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one
door in the face technique ✔✔Making a large request that is likely to be turned down as a way to increase the chances that people will agree to a smaller request later.
out group homogeneity ✔✔tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
discrimination ✔✔Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.
scapegoat hypothesis ✔✔claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
just world hypothesis ✔✔the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
explicit prejudice ✔✔Unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
implicit prejudice ✔✔Unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
jigsaw classroom ✔✔educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project
