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Psychology midterm 1 2025 (110) (460 Questions and Answers). Psychology midterm 1 2025 (110) (460 Questions and Answers). Psychology midterm 1 2025 (110) (460 Questions and Answers).
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Sensation (chapter 2) - Correct answer simple stimulation of a sense organ. Basic registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste as parts of your body interaction with the physical world. Perception - Correct answer occurs in your brain as sensation is registered there. It is the organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation Transduction - Correct answer The process whereby sense receptors convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals that are sent to the central nervous system Sensory adaptation - Correct answer the process whereby sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current (unchanging) conditions Example: walking into bakery and smell is overwhelming but then smell fades. Diving into cold water but then you get used to it. Turning on lights and it blinds you but then you get used to it. Psychophysics - Correct answer methods that systematically relate the physical characteristics of a stimulation to an observer's perception Absolute threshold - Correct answer the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of trials Simplest quantitative measurement in psychophisics Sensitivity - Correct answer how responsive we are to faint stimuli acuity - Correct answer How well we can distinguish 2 very similar stimuli
just noticeable difference (JND) - Correct answer is the minimal change in a stimulus (eg. its loudness or brightness) that can just barely be detected Weber's Law - Correct answer states that for every sense domain, the change in a stimulus that is just noticeable is a constant ratio of the standard stimulus, over a range of standard intensities
illusory conjunction - Correct answer a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects feature integration theory - Correct answer the idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus (e.g. the color, shape, size, and location of the letters), but is required to bind those individual features together Attention - Correct answer The active and conscious processing of particular information perceptual constancy - Correct answer a perceptual principle stating that even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent Perceptual contrast - Correct answer the phenomenon that occurs when the sensory information from two things may be very similar but we perceive the objects as different monocular depth cues - Correct answer aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye binocular disparity - Correct answer the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth apparent motion - Correct answer the perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations spacial acuity - Correct answer ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in space temporal acuity - Correct answer the ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in time multisensory - Correct answer events that stimulate multiple senses at the same time ventriloquist illusion - Correct answer the fact that you depend on your visual system for reliable information about spatial location
change blindness - Correct answer failure to detect changes to the visual details of a scene inattentional blindness - Correct answer a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention pitch - Correct answer How high or low a sound is Loudness - Correct answer a sound's intensity Timbre - Correct answer the quality of sound that allows you to distinguish 2 sources with the same pitch and loudness cochlea - Correct answer a fluid-filled tube that contains cells that transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses basilar membrane - Correct answer a structure in the inner ear that moves up and down in time with vibrations relayed from the ossicles, transmitted through the oval window traveling wave - Correct answer the up-and-down movement that sound causes in the basilar membrane inner hair cells - Correct answer specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane place code - Correct answer the process by which the brain uses information about the relative activity of hair cells across the whole basilar membrane to help determine the pitch you hear temporal code - Correct answer the process whereby the brain uses the timing of the action potentials on the auditory nerve to help determine the pitch you hear Phenomenology - Correct answer the study of how things seem to the conscious person problem of other minds - Correct answer the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
rebound effect of thought suppression - Correct answer the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression ironic processes of mental control - Correct answer mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them dynamic unconscious - Correct answer an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces Repression - Correct answer a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious cognitive unconscious - Correct answer all the mental processes that give rise to a person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person dual process theories - Correct answer theories that suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing information: one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing, and the other dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing altered state of consciousness - Correct answer a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind circadian rhythm - Correct answer a naturally occurring 24-hour sleep cycle philosophical dualism - Correct answer the view that mind and body are fundamentally different things Philosophical Materialism - Correct answer the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena
philosophical realism - Correct answer the view that perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs philosophical idealism - Correct answer the view that perceptions of the physical world are the brain's interpretation of information from the sensory organs philosophical empiricism - Correct answer the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience philosophical nativism - Correct answer the view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired reaction time - Correct answer the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus Structuralism - Correct answer an approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the minds basic elements Introspection - Correct answer the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers 3 dimensions of sensation - Correct answer pleasure/pain, strain/relaxation, and excitation/quiescence Functionalism - Correct answer an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes natural selection - Correct answer A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. hysteria - Correct answer a loss of function that has no obvious physical origin unconscious - Correct answer the part of the mind that contains info of which people are not aware
construct validity - Correct answer the extent to which the thing being measured adequatley characterizes the property 2 key factors to a good detector - Correct answer power and reliability 2 things we must do when wanting to measure something - Correct answer 1. define the property we want to measure
Sample - Correct answer a partial collection of people drawn from a population frequency distribution - Correct answer a graphic representation showing the number of times in which the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values normal distribution - Correct answer a mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions 2 most common kinds of descriptive statistics - Correct answer central tendency and variability 3 most common descriptions of central tendancy - Correct answer mode, mean, median Mode - Correct answer the value of the most frequently observed measurement mean - Correct answer the average value of all the measurements Median - Correct answer the value that is greater than or equal to half the measurements and less than or equal to half the measurements (the middle) simplest measurement of variability - Correct answer range range - Correct answer the value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement standard deviation - Correct answer a statistic that describes how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean Variables - Correct answer properties that can take on different values Correlation - Correct answer variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
manipulation - Correct answer a technique for establishing the casual relationship between variables 3 steps of experimentation - Correct answer manipulate, measure, compare independent variable - Correct answer The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. dependent variable - Correct answer the variable that is measured in an experiment and does depend on the participants self-selection - Correct answer a problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group random assignment - Correct answer a procedure that lets chance assign people to the experimental or control group internal validity - Correct answer an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships (everything working exactly as it should for us to get a conclustion) external validity - Correct answer an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way case method - Correct answer a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual random sampling - Correct answer a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample Replication - Correct answer an experiment that uses the same procedures as previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population type I error - Correct answer when the researcher mistakenly rejects the null when it actually passes (false positive)
Type II error - Correct answer when researchers inaccurately conclude that there is no relationship among the independent and dependent variables when an actual relationship does exist; when the researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected (false negative) 2 natural human tendencies - Correct answer 1. to see what we expect or want to see
resting potential - Correct answer The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane what is resting potential caused by? - Correct answer unequal distribution of ions on either side of the membrane action potential - Correct answer an electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to a synapse (only occurs when it reaches the threshold) action potential is - Correct answer all or none Why does action potential occur? - Correct answer due to changes in the axon's membrane channels 2 points that restore negative charge of resting potential - Correct answer
lock and key system - Correct answer neurotransmitters binding to specific receptor sites on a dendrite 3 Processes in which Neurotransmitters Leave the Synapse - Correct answer 1. reuptake
somatic nervous system - Correct answer a set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system
reticular formation - Correct answer regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal Cerebellum - Correct answer A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Pons - Correct answer a structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain midbrain 2 main structures - Correct answer tectum and tegmentum tectum - Correct answer orients an organism in the environment