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Psychology Class 12 Chapter 2 Notes PDF
Self and Personality
Self and personality refer to the characteristic ways in which human beings define themselves. Self and personality class 12 notes will help us to study and understand the behaviorism of ourselves and others.
Concept of Self
● Self refers to the totality of an individual’s conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts, feelings with regard to herself or himself ● Personal Identity refers to the attributes that make us different from others. For example, I am hardworking, I am Kartikeya ● Social Identity refers to those aspects that link us to a social or cultural unit. For Example, I am Hindu ● Self as a subject does something. For Example, I am a psychologist ● Self as an object gets observed and comes to be known. For example, I am impacted by his speech ● It can further be classified into two categories – Personal and Social Self ● Personal Self is primarily concerned with oneself and emphasis is laid on aspects like personal freedom, personal responsibility, etc ● The social self emerges in relation with others and focus is laid on aspects like cooperation, unity, affiliation, etc
Cognitive and Behavioral Aspects of Self
● Self -Concept is defined as the way we perceive ourselves and the ideas we hold about our competencies and abilities ● Self-Esteem is defined as the value judgment about our own worth and value. High self-esteem helps in performing well and low self-esteem leads to
depression and anxiety. Positive Parenting is a prerequisite for instilling high self-esteem in children ● Self-Efficacy is defined as the belief which we hold about ourselves with respect to controlling and influencing our life outcomes. A strong sense of self-efficacy helps us to select and construct situations in their life and vice-versa ● Self-Regulation is defined as the ability to organize and monitor our own behavior ● Self-control refers to defer gratification needs and wants which plays an important role in the fulfillment of long-term goals. ● Various techniques of self-control are explained as follows: Self-instruction refers to instructing our own selves in order to perform a particular task ● Observation of our own behavior provides us with relevant information needed to modify, change our own Behaviour ● Self-Reinforcement refers to rewarding our goal-oriented behaviors
Concept of Personality
Personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations in our life. Some of the main features of personality are as follows ● It has both physical and psychological components ● It is the main features do not change easily with time ● It is the expression In terms of Behaviour is fairly unique in a given individual
Important Terms Related to Personality
● Temperament refers to the biologically based characteristic way of reacting to people and situations ● Trait refers to the stable and persistent way of behaving ● Disposition is defined as the tendency of a person to react to a given situation in a particular manner ● Character is defined as the overall pattern of a regularly occurring Behaviour ● Habit is a learned way of behaving ● Values refer to the goals and ideas considered important to be followed in life
● Extraversion vs Introversion refers to the degree to which people are socially active or reserved and withdrawn ● Psychoticism vs Sociability refers to the degree to which people are sociable or anti-social. People who score high on psychoticism are antisocial and egoistic whereas people who score on Sociability are cooperative and friendly. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire is used for studying and assessing the above-mentioned dimensions of personality
Cattell: Personality Factors
Cattell found 16 primary or source traits. Source traits are stable in nature and are defined as building blocks of our personality. Surface traits result from the interaction of source traits. Cattell developed a sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16PF) for the purpose of personality assessment.
Five-Factor Model of Personality
It was given by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae and included 5 factors. Look at the model of personality factors: ● Openness to Experience– Those who score high on this factor are curious, imaginative, and open to new experiences and those who score low on this factor are rigid and inflexible ● Extraversion – Those who score high on this factor are sociable, Outgoing and those who score low on this factor are reserved and prefer to stay alone ● Agreeableness– Those who score high on this factor are kind, cooperative, and friendly and those who score low on this factor are self-centered and egoistic ● Neuroticism– Those who score high on this factor are emotionally unstable, anxious, moody and those who score low on this factor are calm, patient, and emotionally stable ● Conscientiousness – Those who score high on this factor are goal-oriented and diligent and those who score low on this factor are carefree and impulsive
Type Approach
It tries to comprehend the personality by understanding the broad patterns in the Behaviour. It focuses on a broad set of characteristics in a person’s Behaviour. Various theories based on type approach are explained as follows
Sheldon’s Body Type Theory
As per this theory, there exists a strong correlation between the body type of a person and their personality. Sheldon came up with Endomorphic, Mesomorphic and Ectomorphic typology. Endomorphs have around, chubby body types and they are sociable, outgoing, friendly. Ectomorphs have an athletic body type and they are courageous, strong, assertive. Mesomorphs have a lean and delicate body type and they are brainy and sensitive.
Carl Jung Theory
Carl Jung is classified into two major categories – Extroverts and Introverts. Here are both the categories : ● Introverts are reserved and prefer to stay alone. They withdraw themselves when they face an emotional problem in their life ● Extroverts are sociable and outgoing. They completely enjoy their social life and prefer those jobs which involve dealing with people directly like teaching, Psychology, etc
Type Theory
It was proposed by Friedman and Rosenman and classified into four categories. To understand it better, here is detailed description on each type: ● Type A personalities who have a high motivation level and are Workaholics. They lack patience and are prone to hypertension. ● Type B people are the opposite of Type A personalities and are easy-going and chilled out. ● Type C personality people are cooperative and suppress their Emotions. They are prone to Cancer ● Type D personality people are prone to depression and have a pessimistic outlook in their life
- It is based on the pleasure principle and focuses on the instant gratification of needs
- Ego is based on reality principle and Focuses on the satisfaction of needs as per the reality
- The superego focuses on moral principles and needs are gratified only if they are ethical
Ego Defense Mechanism
Ego defense Mechanism is the way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality and some of the main defense Mechanisms are mentioned below:
- Repression – Anxiety-provoking thoughts are dismissed by the unconscious and people become unaware of them
- Projection – People tend to attribute their traits to others
- Denial – People don’t accept reality and deny it completely
- Reaction Formation- People defend against anxiety by behaving opposite to their true feelings
- Rationalization – People try to make unreasonable feelings rational and reasonable.
Stages of Psychosexual Development
According to Freudian psychology, there are 5 stages of psychological development. Below mentioned are the in-detail various stages of psychosexual development: ● Oral Stage – A newborn’s instincts are focused on the mouth and the mouth is the primary pleasure-seeking center for the baby. Baby achieves oral gratification through the mouth by breastfeeding, thumb sucking, and biting ● Anal Stage– By the age of 2 or 3 children learn to respond to some demands of society and one such demand of Society is to control the bodily function of urination and defecation ● Phallic Stage– The main focus is on the genitals during this stage. The children around 4-5 years of age become aware of sexuality, differences between males and females, and sexual relationships between parents. Male children experience Oedipus Complex in which the child falls in love with his mother and
considers the father as his enemy. Female child experience Electra complex in which girl child falls in love with the father plans to raise the family and becomes hostile towards mother ● Latency Stage– It lasts from 7 years of age to puberty and sexual urges become dormant and latent ● Genital Stage– Maturity is attained in this stage and people deal with opposite sex members in socially and sexually mature ways
Demerits of Psychodynamic Approach
It is majorly based on case studies and lacks a proper scientific basis. Atypical individuals are used as samples for advancing generalizations. Lastly, the Concepts were not properly defined in the psychodynamic approach.
Post-Freudian Approaches
Post psychoanalysis, various psychologists who were earlier disciples of Freud came up with their own theories. Here are all the Post- Freudian approaches you should know of in self and personality class 12 notes:
Carl Jung: Aims and Aspirations
● Carl Jung’s theory also called analytical psychology and it focused on archetypes ● Archetypes are inherited images in the collective unconscious which shapes our perception of the external world and express themselves when we are distracted(Dreams and Fantasies).For Example- Sun, God, Mother Earth Also Read : CBSE Launches Dost for Life App for Students and Parents
Alfred Adler: Lifestyle and Social Interest
● The main assumption of Alfred Adler’s theory is that human behavior is purposeful and goal-oriented
● Positive social conditions give rise to high self-esteem and high self-concept and vice-versa
Cultural Approach
● It tries to comprehend personality in relation to features of the ecological and cultural environment ● Climatic Conditions, nature of the terrain, availability of food determines economic conditions, lifestyle, social structures, settlement patterns ● The cultural approach considers personality as an adaptation of individuals and groups to the demands of their ecology and culture ● People modify their personalities and develop various qualities in order to adapt to their culture
Personality Assessment
Personality Assessment is a formal attempt aimed at understanding the personality of the individual. There are various techniques used for personality assessment. Some of them are mentioned below: Self-report Measures- It is the method in which the person provides factual information about oneself and the beliefs and opinions they hold. Various self-report measures used for personality assessment are : Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) – It was developed by Hathaway and McKinley for psychiatric diagnosis. It consists of 567 statements and the subject has to judge each statement as true or false. The test is divided into ten subscales ● Hypochondriasis ● Depression ● Hysteria ● Psychopathic Deviate ● Masculinity-Femininity ● Paranoia ● Psychasthenia ● Schizophrenia ● Mania
● Social Introversion Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) – It assesses two dimensions of personality termed as Introversion-Extraversion and Emotional -Stable and Emotionally-Unstable. Later on, a third dimension called Psychoticism vs Sociability was added and the ones who scored high on Psychoticism were egoistic and antisocial and on the other hand, the ones who scored high on sociability were cooperative and friendly. This test is widely used. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire(16 PF) – It was developed by Raymond Cattell and his colleagues. The technique of factor analysis was used to discover and measure the fundamental personality traits. The test provides declarative statements, and the subject responds to a specific situation by choosing from a set of given alternatives and it is used with high school students and for purposes like career counselling, occupational testing, etc.
Limitations of Self-Report Measures
Social Desirability is the tendency of the respondent to respond to the test items in a socially desirable manner. Acquiescence is the tendency to agree with the questions irrespective of what is being asked.
Projective Techniques
These techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings and the main assumption behind these techniques is that less structured or unstructured stimuli will allow the individual to project one’s feelings and desires on the situation. Several projective techniques were as follows: Thematic Apperception Test(TAT) – It is a projective technique that aims to evaluate a person’s patterns of thought, attitudes, and emotional responses to ambiguous test materials. These ambiguous materials comprise a set of cards that portray human beings in various kinds of situations. The subject is asked to tell the therapist the story they can frame about each card. ● Sentence Completion Test – The test comprises a number of incomplete sentences and the subject is asked to provide an appropriate ending to the
