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psychology
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
TERM 2
overt behaviors
DEFINITION 2
directly observable action and responses
TERM 3
covert behavior
DEFINITION 3
private mental events, thinking, dreaming, and remembering
TERM 4
psychology
DEFINITION 4
both a science and professionpsyche- mindLogos-knowledge
or study
TERM 5
scientific observation
DEFINITION 5
yields empirical evidence through direct observation and
measurements that is systematic and intersubjective
systematic
carefully planned
TERM 7
intersubjective
DEFINITION 7
confirmable by more than one observer
TERM 8
systematic procedure
DEFINITION 8
answering scientific questions
TERM 9
Description
DEFINITION 9
being able to name and classify various observable,
measurable behaviors
TERM 10
Understanding
DEFINITION 10
being able to state the causes of a behavior
palmistry
lines on your hand predict future and reveal personality
TERM 17
graphology
DEFINITION 17
personality traits are revealed by your handwriting
TERM 18
astrology
DEFINITION 18
the positions of the stars and planets at birth determine
personality traits and affect your behavior
TERM 19
uncritical acceptance
DEFINITION 19
tendency to believe positive or flattering description of
yourself
TERM 20
confirmation bias
DEFINITION 20
tendency to notice and remember information that confirms
our expectations
barnum effect
tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if stated
in general terms
TERM 22
scientific method
DEFINITION 22
form of critical thinking based on careful collection of
evidence, accurate description and measurement, precise
definition, controlled observation, and repeatable results
TERM 23
Six basic elements
DEFINITION 23
making observationdefining a problemproposing a
hypothesisgathering evidence/testing the hypothesistheory
buildingpublishing results
TERM 24
hypothesis
DEFINITION 24
scientific testable predicted outcome of an experiment or
educated guess about the relationship between variables
TERM 25
operational definition
DEFINITION 25
defines a scientific concept by stating specific actions or
procedures used to measure it
Educational Psychology
promoted by functionalists as the discipline that studies
mental adaptation
TERM 32
B.F. Skinner
DEFINITION 32
studied operantconditioning although he studied animals, he
believed humans learn the same way
TERM 33
stimuli
DEFINITION 33
environmental evens
TERM 34
responses
DEFINITION 34
any identifiable behaviors
TERM 35
John Watson
DEFINITION 35
studied classical conditioning which was discovered by
Pavlov
Radical behaviorism
mental events, such as thinking, are not necessary to explain
behavior
TERM 37
cognitive behaviorism
DEFINITION 37
together thinking and conditioning better explain behavior
TERM 38
gestalt psychology
DEFINITION 38
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
TERM 39
Max Wertheimer
DEFINITION 39
studied thinking learning and perspective in whole units not
by analyzing experiences into parts
TERM 40
sigmund freud
DEFINITION 40
believed that behavior is largely influenced by unconscious
wishes thoughts and desires especially sex and
aggressioncreated psychoanalysis the first psychotherapy to
explore
frame of reference
mental perspective used for interpreting events
TERM 47
self
actualization
DEFINITION 47
fully developing one's potential and becoming the best
person possible
TERM 48
Margaret Washburn
DEFINITION 48
first woman awarded a Ph.D in psychology (1894)
TERM 49
Francis Cecil
Sumner
DEFINITION 49
first african american man awarded Ph.D in psychology
TERM 50
Inez Beverly Prosser
DEFINITION 50
first african american woman awarded Ph.D in psychology
three broad
views
bio-psychological, psychological, and sociocultural, offer
complemntary perspectives on behavior
TERM 52
biopsychological view
DEFINITION 52
behavior is shaped by internal physical, chemical, and
biological processes
TERM 53
neuroscience
DEFINITION 53
interdisciplinary field formed by biologists and other
scientists who share the perspective of biopsychology
TERM 54
evolutionary view
DEFINITION 54
behavior is shaped by the process of evolution
TERM 55
behavioral view
DEFINITION 55
behavior is shaped by one's environment
psychologists
usually have master's or doctorate degree; trained in
methods, knowledge, and theories of psychology
TERM 62
clinical psychologists
DEFINITION 62
treat more severe psychological problems or do research on
mental disorders
TERM 63
counseling psychoogists
DEFINITION 63
treat milder problems, such as school or work troubles
TERM 64
What might a psychologist research?
DEFINITION 64
DevelopmentLearningPersonalitySensation and
perceptionComparativeCognitiveBiopsychologyGenderSocialCultu
TERM 65
Development
DEFINITION 65
course of human growth and development
Learning
how and why it occurs in humans and animals
TERM 67
personality
DEFINITION 67
traita, motivations, and individual differences
TERM 68
sensation and perception
DEFINITION 68
how we come to know the world through our five senses
TERM 69
comparative
DEFINITION 69
study and compare behavior of different species, especially
animals
TERM 70
Cognitive
DEFINITION 70
primarily interested in thinking
psychiatrist M.D
treats mental disorders with psychotherapy and/or
medications
TERM 77
psychoanalyst
DEFINITION 77
receives additional training in psychoanalysis post Ph.D or
M.D
TERM 78
Counselor
DEFINITION 78
person with master's MA degree who helps solve problems
with marriage, school, and so on
TERM 79
psychiatric social worker
DEFINITION 79
person with masters of social work who applies social science
principles to help people in clinics and hospitals
TERM 80
To identify Cause and Effect Relationships
DEFINITION 80
directly vary a condition you might think affects
behaviorcreate two or more groups of subjects alike in all
ways except the condition you are varyingrecord whether
varying condition has any effect on behavior
subjects
animals or people whose behavior is investigated
TERM 82
variables
DEFINITION 82
any conditions that can change and might affect an
experiments's outcome
TERM 83
independent variables
DEFINITION 83
condition altered by the experimenter; experimenter sets
their size, amount, or value; these are suspected causes for
behavioral differences
TERM 84
dependent variables
DEFINITION 84
demonstrate effects that independent variables have on
behavior
TERM 85
extraneous variale
DEFINITION 85
condition that a researcher want to prevent from affecting
the outcome of the experiment
meta-analysis
study of results of other studies
TERM 92
research participants bias
DEFINITION 92
changes in participants' behavior caused by the influence of
their behavior
TERM 93
placebo
DEFINITION 93
fake pill or injection
TERM 94
placebo effect
DEFINITION 94
changes in participants' behavior caused by belief that they
have taken a drug or received some other treatment
TERM 95
single-blind experiment
DEFINITION 95
participants have no idea whether they get the real
treatment or placeo
researcher bias
changes in behavior caused by the unintended influence of
the researcher
TERM 97
self fulfilling prophecy
DEFINITION 97
a prediction that leads people to act in ways to make the
prediction come true
TERM 98
double-blind experiment
DEFINITION 98
the participants AND the researchers have no idea whether
the subjects get real treatment or placebo
TERM 99
observing behavior in a natural setting (
typical environment in which the observed
person or animal lives )
DEFINITION 99
studies designed to measure the degree of a relationship
between two or more events, measures, or variables
TERM 100
observer effect
DEFINITION 100
changes in subject's behavior caused by an awareness of
being observed
