Psychosocial Development During The First Three Years - Lecture Slides |, Study notes of Developmental Psychology

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Chapter 6

Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

Define Emotions

 (^) Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.  (^) Such as sadness, job, fear, excitement  (^) Purpose of emotions is to communicate inner feelings that guide behavior.

Failure to Thrive

 (^) A baby who is neglected, not hugged or loved or talked to, may show this syndrome. Failure to grow and gain weight in spite of adequate nutrition.

Early Signs of Emotion

Crying

 (^) Purpose of Crying – Baby wants or needs something  (^) Four types of cries – Hunger, anger, pain and frustration  (^) When parents respond quickly, baby will cry less as the baby matures. Learns he has control over his environment. Responsive care-taking will not spoil the baby.

Development of Smiling

 (^) Soon after birth to 3 months - Subcortical nervous system activity response, most often seen during REM sleep.  (^) 1 month – Smiles more frequent and social during waking hours.  (^) 2 months – Smile more at visual stimuli of faces they know.  4 th (^) month – Laugh out loud when tickled.

Smiling (Continued)

 (^) 4 – 6 months - Laugh more often and in more unusual situations.  (^) 8 months - Laugh in game of peek-a- boo  (^) Down Syndrome – Show a marked delay in the emergence of smiling and laughing.

What is the difference between

guilt and shame?

 (^) Guilt and shame are both responses to wrong-doing.  (^) Guilt – Child fails to live up to a behavioral standard but he still has self-worth. Parent focuses on bad act, not bad self. A child with a sense of guilt will try to fix what he broke.

Shame

 (^) When a child feel shame as a response to wrong-doing, he feels that he is a bad person.  (^) Tries to hide his wrong-doing.  (^) Critical difference in how the child makes this interpretation is in how the parents respond to wrong-doing. Important to correct the action but not make the child feel like he is worthless. The action is the fault. Help the child to correct the wrong action according to age appropriateness.

New York Longitudinal Study

 (^) Easy Children - 40% Generally happy and rhythmic in biological functioning and accepting of new experiences  (^) Difficult Children – 10% Irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms and intense emotional responses.  (^) Slow to Warm-up Children – 15% Generally mild but are hesitant about new experiences.

Other 35% in the Study

 (^) Many children do not fit neatly into any of these three categories. A baby may eat and sleep regularly but be afraid of strangers. All variations are normal.  (^) Key to healthy adjustment is Goodness of Fit.  (^) Definition – A match between the child’s temperament and the environmental demands and constraints the child must deal with.

Results

 (^) Baby monkeys ate from the both mothers but chose to cuddle with the cloth surrogate.  (^) Babies raised by cloth surrogates showed more natural interest in exploration.  (^) 1 year later, babies remembered the cloth mother better.  (^) None of the monkeys in either group grew up normally. None were able to nurture their own offspring.

Case of Baby Monica

 (^) Child was born with a feeding problem that required her to eat lying down on her back through a feeding tube. This continued for 6 months until the problem was repaired.  (^) As a 5 yr. Old, Monica played with dolls and fed them on her lap.  (^) As an adult, had 4 children and fed all children on her lap and never felt comfortable holding.

Development of Mother Infant

Bond

 (^) Early research said there was a critical time for bonding and if the mother missed the first hour after birth there could be permanent harm.  (^) Later research demonstrates there is no critical time for bonding. Relieved much guilt for parents who missed this time and for adoptive parents.

Father’s Bonding

 (^) Many fathers form close bonds with their newborn immediately after birth, especially if they attended the birth. “Peak emotional experience for DADS”.  (^) Also, too much pressure for Dads to be there and may not always be necessary for bonding.