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Health |- |correct |answer |✔The |Absence |of |Illness |with |six |dimensions
What |are |the |Six |dimensions |of |Helath? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Social
- |Environmental
- |Physical
- |Intellectual
- |Emotional
- |Spiritual
Biostatistics |- |correct |answer |✔The |application |of |statistical |principles |to |medical, |public |health, |and |biological |applications
Involves |collecting, |summarizing, |interpreting |information |and |making |inferences |that |appropriately |account |for |uncertainty
Summarizing |a |sample |of |population |then |making |inferences |about |entire |population
What |are |some |issues/limitations |of |Biostatistics? |- |correct |answer |✔you |must |clearly |define |the |objective |or |research |question
must |choose |the |appropriate |study |design
must |choose |a |sufficiently |large |representative |sample
must |carefully |collect |and |analyze |data
must |quantify |uncertainty
must |appropriately |account |for |relationships |among |characteristics
must |limit |inferences |to |appropriate |population
Physical |Health |- |correct |answer |✔The |ability |of |the |human |body |to |function |properly; |includes |physical |fitness |and |activities |of |daily |living
Social |Health |- |correct |answer |✔The |ability |to |have |satisfying |relationships; |interaction |with |social |institutions
Mental |Health |- |correct |answer |✔Ability |to |think |clearly, |reason |objectively |and |act |properly
Emotional |Health |- |correct |answer |✔Ability |to |cope, |adjust |and |adapt; |self- |efficacy |and |self |esteem
Spiritual |Health |- |correct |answer |✔Feeling |as |if |part |of |a |greater |spectrum |of |existence; |personal |beliefs |and |choices
- |Evaluate
- |Link |to/ |provide |care
- |Enforce |Laws
What |are |the |three |parts |of |Policy |Development? |(part |of | 10 |essential |services) |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Inform, |educate, |empower
- |Mobilize |community |partnerships
- |Develop |policies
What |are |the |two |primary |disciplines |that |provide |the |foundations |of |public |health? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Epidemiology
- |Biostatistics
Epidemiology |- |correct |answer |✔The |study |of |the |distribution |and |determinants |of |health |related |states |or |events |in |human |populations, |and |the |application |of |this |study |to |prevent |and |control |health |problems
Does |Epidemiology |involve |scientific |investigation? |- |correct |answer |✔Yes
Distribution |- |correct |answer |✔Study |of |frequency |and |pattern |of |health |events |in |the |population
Frequency |- |correct |answer |✔Number, |and |number |in |relation |to |the |population
Pattern |- |correct |answer |✔The |health |related |state |or |event |by |person, |place, |and |time |characteristics
Determinants |- |correct |answer |✔Search |for |causes |and |other |factors |of |health |related |states |or |events
Disease |- |correct |answer |✔Any |impairment |of |normal |physiological |function |affecting |all |or |part |of |an |organism, |especially |a |specific |pathological |change. |Characterized |by |an |identifiable |group |of |signs |or |symptoms
What |are |the |five |causes |of |disease? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Pathogens
- |Chemicals
- |Inherent |Weakness
- |Lifestyle
- |Physical |Stresses
What |are |some |examples |of |Pathogens? |- |correct |answer |✔viruses, |bacteria, |fungi, |or |parasites |capable |of |producing |disease
What |are |some |examples |of |Chemicals? |- |correct |answer |✔drugs, |acids, |heavy |metals
What |are |some |examples |of |Inherent |Weaknesses? |- |correct |answer |✔suppressed |immune |system, |susceptibility |gene
(i.e. |Fluoridated |water)
What |is |secondary |Prevention |of |disease? |- |correct |answer |✔Aims |to |reduce |the |impact |of |a |disease |or |injury |that |has |already |occurred
regular |exams |and |screening |tests |to |detect |disease |in |its |earliest |stages |(e.g. |mammograms |to |detect |breast |cancer)
daily, |low-dose |aspirins |and/or |diet |and |exercise |programs |to |prevent |further |heart |attacks |or |strokes
suitably |modified |work |so |injured |or |ill |workers |can |return |safely |to |their |jobs.
What |is |tertiary |prevention |of |disease? |- |correct |answer |✔Aims |to |soften |the |impact |of |an |ongoing |illness |or |injury |that |has |lasting |effect
cardiac |or |stroke |rehabilitation |programs, |chronic |disease |management |programs |(e.g. |for |diabetes, |arthritis, |depression, |etc.)
support |groups |that |allow |members |to |share |strategies |for |living |well
vocational |rehabilitation |programs |to |retrain |workers |for |new |jobs |when |they |have |recovered |as |much |as |possible.
What |are |the |two |transmissions |of |disease? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Vertical
- |Horizontal
Vertical |Transmission |- |correct |answer |✔Transmission |of |disease |from |mother |to |child
Horizontal |Transmission |- |correct |answer |✔Transmission |of |disease |from |person |to |person |within |a |population
May |involve |direct |transmission, |a |common |vehicle, |an |airborne |pathogen, |or |a |vector |borne |pathogen
What |are |the |six |disease |transmission |concepts? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Fomite
- |Vector
- |Reservoir
- |Zoonoses
- |Vehicle
- |Carrier
What |is |the |FOMITE |disease |transmission |concept? |- |correct |answer |✔objects |or |materials |that |carry |infection, |not |water |or |food
What |is |the |VECTOR |disease |transmission |concept? |- |correct |answer |✔The |indirect |transmission |of |an |infectious |agent |that |occurs |when |a |vector |bites |or |touches |a |person
Epidemic |Disease |- |correct |answer |✔Disease |that |increases |beyond |what |is |normal |in |a |population
Outbreak |Disease |- |correct |answer |✔Disease |that |is |local |& |usually |short |lived
Pandemic |Disease |- |correct |answer |✔Disease |that |crosses |continents, |countries, |etc. |It |is |found |everywhere
Common |Source |- |correct |answer |✔-point
-intermittent |(occurring |in |irregular |intervals)
-Continuous
Propagated |- |correct |answer |✔Spread |from |person |to |person
Mixed |epidemic |- |correct |answer |✔A |mixture |of |common |source |and |mixed
Analytical |Epidemiology |- |correct |answer |✔A |means |to |identifying |and |quantifying |associations, |testing |hypotheses, |and |supporting |statements |about |causality
Explains |why |and |how |health |related |states |or |events |occur
What |are |the |two |study |designs |of |epidemiology? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Descriptive
- |Analytical
Scientific |Method |in |Epidemiology |- |correct |answer |✔Involves |using |appropriate |study |designs |and |statistical |techniques |for |investigating |an |observable |occurrence |and |acquiring |new |knowledge
What |is |the |scientific |method |in |epidemiology? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |The |Health |Problem
- |Hypotheses
- |Statistical |Tests
- |Interpretation |of |results
- |Dissemination |of |Information
What |are |some |examples |of |study |design |in |medical |research? |(9) |- |correct |answer |✔1. |Randomized |Controlled |Trial
- |Cross |over |trial
- |Prospective |cohort |study
- |Nested |case |control |study
- |Retrospective |cohort |study
- |Case |control |study
- |Cross |sectional |study
- |Ecologic |Study
- |Case |Report |or |case |series
very |similar |to |case |control |study |but |larger |group |of |people |over |longer |amount |of |time |which |are |then |broken |up |into |smaller |groups |throughout |the |study |STUDY |INSIDE |A |STUDY/ |PARTICIPANTS |FROM |COHORT |STUDY
Retrospective |Cohort |Study |- |correct |answer |✔conceived |after |some |people |have |already |developed |the |outcomes |of |interest. |The |investigators |jump |back |in |time |to |identify |a |cohort |of |individuals |at |a |point |in |time |before |they |have |developed |the |outcomes |of |interest, |and |they |try |to |establish |their |exposure |status |at |that |point |in |time
Case |Control |Study |- |correct |answer |✔Matching |people |of |gender, |age, |race, |etc. |and |looking |for |what |makes |them |different
Observational |study |involving |individuals |with |(cases) |and |without |(controls) |outcome |of |interest
Cross |sectional |Study |- |correct |answer |✔Observational |study |conducted |at |a |point |in |time |to |determine |the |prevalence |of |a |disease
Ecologic |Study |- |correct |answer |✔observational |study |defined |by |the |level |at |which |data |are |analysed, |namely |at |the |population |or |group |level, |rather |than |individual |level
Case |Report |Study |- |correct |answer |✔Detailed |report |of |a |specific |feature |(person) |of |a |case
No |Control |group
Analytic |studies |can |be |either |_________ |or |___________ |- |correct |answer
|✔Experimental |or |observational
What |study |designs |are |analytical? |- |correct |answer |✔Randomized |controlled |trial
cross |over |trial
prospective |cohort |study
nested |case |control |study
Retrospective |cohort |study
What |study |designs |are |Observational? |- |correct |answer |✔Cross |sectional |study
ecologic |study
case |report
What |differs |analytical |and |descriptive |studies? |- |correct |answer |✔Analytical |studies |test |a |hypotheses
Biostatistics |can |involve |the |application |of |statistics |to |any |living |system, |whether |human, |animal, |plant, |fungus, |or |micro-organism |(T |or |F) |- |correct |answer |✔True
Epidemiology |focuses |on |human |populations |(T |or |F) |- |correct |answer |✔True
What |are |some |reasons |to |study |biostatistics? |- |correct |answer |✔Interpreting |vital |statistics |
|Understanding |epidemiologic |problems |
Would |Testing |a |hypothesis |about |a |risk |factor |for |a |disease |be |ANALYTICAL |or
|DESCRIPTIVE |EPIDEMIOLOGY? |- |correct |answer |✔Analytical |Epidemiology
Which |analytic |study |design |is |not |observational? |- |correct |answer |✔Randomized |Control |Trial
An |infectious |disease |may |or |may |not |be |contagious. |(T |or |F) |- |correct |answer |✔True
What |are |the |observational |study |designs? |(4) |- |correct |answer |✔Case-series |study |or |case |report
Cross-sectional |(prevalence) |survey |
Case-control |study |
Cohort |study
What |are |the |experimental |study |designs? |- |correct |answer |✔Randomized |Control |(clinical) |trial
How |does |one |determine |which |study |design |is |best? |(6 |reasons) |- |correct |answer |✔Depends |on |the |study |question |
What |is |current |knowledge |on |topic |
|How |common |is |disease |(and |risk |factors) | |How |long |would |study |take |what |are |costs | |Ethical |issues
CASE |SERIES |study |design |- |correct |answer |✔Systematic |review |of |common |features |of |a |small |number |(more |than |one |person) |of |cases
Known |for |being |simplest |of |study |designs |bc |it |is |a |description |of |interesting |observations |in |a |small |number |of |individuals
Do |not |involve |control |patients |(patients |free |of |disease)
What |are |some |ADVANTAGES |to |the |case |report |or |case |series |study |design? |- |correct |answer |✔-it |is |cost |efficient
-can |identify |new |diseases
What |are |some |DISADVANTAGES |of |the |case |report |or |case |series |study |design?
|- |correct |answer |✔-No |comparison |group
-No |specific |research |question
-case |series |are |not |planned |and |have |no |research |hypotheses
What |is |a |famous |example |of |a |case |series |study? |- |correct |answer |✔Gottleib |(1981) |studied | 5 |young |homosexual |men |with |rare |form |of |pneumonia |and |other |unusual |infections
|Initial |report |was |followed |by |more |cases |(
cases |in |NY |and |CA; |"cluster" |in |southern |CA;
34 |cases |among |Haitians, |etc.) |
|Condition |termed |AIDS |in | 1982 |("can |identify |new |disease")
What |is |a |famous |COHORT |study |example? |- |correct |answer |✔The |Framingham |Heart |Study
5000+ |men |and |women |enrolled |in | 1948 |
|Longitudinal |cohort |study |
Exams |every | 2 |years |for |cardiovascular |risk |factors |-
surveillance
Ancillary |studies |- |hearing, |exercise, |nutrition, |neurological |studies
5000+ |offspring |& |spouses |enrolled |in | 1976 |
Third |generation |enrolled |in | 2002
What |are |some |ADVANTAGES |of |a |CASE |CONTROL |STUDY? |(3) |- |correct |answer |✔Cost |and |time |efficient |for |rare |outcomes
Can |get |sufficient |number |of |cases |(useful |for
rare |conditions)
What |are |some |DISADVANTAGES |of |a |CASE |CONTROL |STUDY? |- |correct |answer |✔Need |careful |selection |of |cases |
Need |careful |selection |of |controls
Bias |(selection, |observation, |& |recall)
Hard |to |establish |temporal |relationship
Cannot |estimate |incidence |or |rate |at |which |a |disease |develops
How |do |you |choose |your |STUDY |SAMPLE |for |a |CASE |CONTROL |STUDY? |(and |what |are |those |groups) |- |correct |answer |✔You |need |an |exposure |and |comparison |group
Exposure |group:
|Common |risk |factors |- |general |population |(e.g., |Framingham |Study) |Rare |risk |factors |- |special |exposure |cohort |(e.g., |soldiers |exposed |to |agent |orange)
Comparison |group: |
Similar |on |all |other |factors |that |might |affect |outcome
Select |subjects |on |the |basis |of |outcome
Cases |_________ |disease |Controls |are |_______ |of |disease |- |correct |answer |✔Have |& |Free
Are |CASE |CONTROL |STUDIES |retrospective |or |prospective |in |time? |- |correct |answer |✔Investigation |is |retrospective |in |time
What |type |of |study |design |is |best |for |diseases |with |long |latency |period? |-
|correct |answer |✔Case |Control |Studies
Selection |Bias |- |correct |answer |✔select |cases |or |controls |and |some |drop |out |- leaving |groups |not |comparable
