Download PWH Final Exam Questions And Answers and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
PWH Final Exam Questions And Answers
Exercise Barriers for Teen Girls - Answer - teen girls drop out of sports, skip gym, concerns related to breast
- such as too big, too small, embarrassed to change in lockers, felt uncomfortable with bouncing, uncomfortable bra
- most wanted to know more about breast in general, half wanted to know more about sport bras
- woman less likely to be physically active as men, early as age 6
Exercise Enhancing Women's Health - Answer -exercise prevents some cancers, mental health problems such as depression
- resistance training: improve strength, muscle mass, bone density, increases resting metabolic rate
- muscle mass determines metabolic rate
Flaw in Exercise-Mortality Studies - Answer - Studies just ask people if they exercise, not enough details
Longevity and Exercise - Answer - People who are more fit live longer on average than people who are less fit
Cardiovascular Disease and Exercise (Occurrence for Fit People) - Answer - Predictor of mortality
- Fit people have less risk
- Tends to occur later age for fit people, tends to be less severe
Exercise and Obesity - Answer - Fit people have less abdominal fat, which leads to
cardiovascular disease
Cancer and Exercise - Answer - Fit men have less risk of prostate cancer
- Women also have less risk of feminine cancers
Osteoporosis and Exercise - Answer - Weight-bearing, resistance exercise helps prevent it
- Also improves balance, which means less falling on hip, etc
- About half of elderly women cant lift ten pounds
- About third has more than 45% body fat (20-25% is ideal)
- Risk factor for CD and cancer
Barriers to exercise - Answer - Don't have time
- Don't have money for gym or equipment
- Takes effort
- Women who are responsible for family and household
- 90-120 hours today commuting
- Average 7 minutes exercising
- Trip to and from gym are time consuming
- Even with free access to exercise, low participant rates
- Unrealistic expectations for exercise for women
- too high expectations
- a lot of exercise women are told to do are ineffective
Typical Exercise Programs for Women - Answer - toning and spotting exercises aren't scientific
- created in response to women's worry of develop large muscle
- unlikely to develop large muscles, both men and women
no decline
Male vs Female Dependence on Drugs Other Than Alcohol - Answer For all other substances (except tranquilizers) men are more likely to use than women
Women and Tranquilizer/Sedatives - Answer Women are more likely to use tranquilizers and sedatives
- Opioid death are rising rapidly. Men die more, but women are catching up.
- White people are more affected by the opioid epidemic, whereas most other drug use disproportionately targets people of color
- Provides numbness to women who live in stressful circumstances, due to the changes in family structures
- Whites most affected, Asian and Latinos least affected
- Overdose death rate - Women in 40s-50s have a high rate of overdose deaths
Women and Pain Medications - Answer 1. Women are more likely to get prescriptions for pain medications than men
- Women also tend to use pain meds more than men
- Doctors tend to give pain meds more to women than men
- Lower body mass means more likely to to die from overdose
- People who OD tend to have been taking a combination of drugs
Diseases Associated with Drug Abuse - Answer 1. Liver disease
- Hypertension
- Obesity
- Malnutrition
- Ulcers
- Women more prone to endocrine and fertility issues
- More at risk of HIV infection if they have a male partner who also abuses drugs
- More at risk of relapse
War on drugs - Answer 1. Hardline crackdown on drug use punishes people unfairly
- Harm reduction used in other countries
Drug harm reduction used in other countries - Answer 1. More about reducing consequences of drug use than punishing or reducing the drug use itself
- needle replacement
- decriminalization
Drug Use's Impact on Low SES vs High SES Women - Answer Low income women are more affected due to a lack of resources, even if well off women do use and abuse drugs
Substance Abuse Treatment for Women - Answer 1. Women are underrepresented in treatment
- Women in traditional substance abuse treatment programs have a high drop out and failure rate
- The programs don't pay attention to the unique needs of women who are dependent
Alcoholics Anonymous - Answer 1. AA was developed from data involving both men and women abusing alcohol
- Men and women reported they drank for different reasons
- AA developers tossed out female responses, and developed program only on what men needed
Male Drug Abuse Treatment Programs - Answer Male treatment programs are individualistic, and don't take into account the family,
How view of female drug abuse varies in different cultures - Answer Where women already have low status, alcohol abuse can lead to women being disowned by their husband and left with no resources
Drug Abuse and Pregnancy - Answer Peak years of substance abuse coincide with peak years of childbearing
- Women tend to be pregnant or have already given birth, when they are abusing
Drug Abuse and Custody - Answer Women might lose their children, having them taken away from them
- Can be a strong motivator for women to reduce use/overcome addiction
- Misperception that mothers who abuse drugs "don't care"
Drug Abuse Treatment Programs and Mothers - Answer Treatment programs discourage or disallow pregnant women from joining?
- If they do, they don't provide childcare to women who don't have safe place to leave their children
Treatment programs that allow children to come along reduce the likelihood of relapse!
- Residential programs that allow children to come along improve parent-child relationship and improve likelihood of effective treatment
Studies on Drug Abuse and Fetuses - Answer Problems with pregnancy and treatment are that some pharmacological treatments have not been studied for their effects on fetuses
Charges Made on Pregnant Woman Who Abuse Drugs - Answer Pregnant women have been charged with fetal abuse, assault with deadly weapon
- Women with children are charged with contributing to delinquency?
Hospital Drug Screenings on Pregnant Women - Answer In drug screenings done by hospitals, the rate of use in pregnancy doesn't really vary by race
- Hospitals in poorer areas are more likely to test, and those women are more likely to be subject to criminal charges
Relationships with Men and Drug Abuse - Answer 1. Women tend to be more dependent on male partner for economic survival
- Women tend to be poorer than men
Getting Drugs through Male Partner - Answer Most drug abusing women are introduced to drugs, and supplied by men
- Can be in relationship, or dating, or just at the same social gatherings
- Women can become dependent on relationships because that's how they get drugs
Drug Abuse and Divorce - Answer Women less likely to divorce drug abusing husbands than men to divorce drug abusing wives
- Women receive less support in these situations, and are more likely to return to non-supportive partners
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Drug Abuse - Answer 1. Very important risk factor in women
- Sexually abused women tend to start using earlier
- Sexually abused women have family members who are also addicted
- More likely to relapse
- More depressed/anxious, less likely to stay clean
- More likely to have panic attacks, anxiety or depression
Female Drug Abuse Stats - Answer - Every three minutes, a woman goes to the emergency room for prescription painkiller misuse or abuse
- 15.8 million women (12.9%) ages 18 or older have used illicit drugs in the past year
Substance Abuse Effects on Pregnancy - Answer - Substance use by the pregnant mother can lead to long-term and fatal effects:
- Low birth weight
- Birth defects
- Small head size
- Premature birth
- Sudden infant death syndrome
- Developmental delays
- Problems with learning, memory and emotional control
Rape and Sexual Coercion - Answer - Most studies report incident 8-27% of all women
- Somewhere in the single digits for men
- Under reported crime
- Women are more afraid of living alone, leaving window open while sleeping, walking alone at night
- Higher rates of rape on college campuses
- In majority of cases rapist drank alcohol, about half of survivors
- Both are likely to have history of alcohol abuse
Characteristics of Rape Perpetrators - Answer - Perpetrator and victim know each other often
- One reason rape is under reported is that people have more sympathy for victims who
don't know their perpetrators
- Power rape: situation when a rapist is trying to control or exert power over victim
- Rapist who power rape have low self esteem and damaged gender role
- Anger rape: rapist is expressing hatred or hostility
- Motivation is to harm
- In general, men who rape show hostile attitudes towards women
- Rapist often hold myths about women and rape
Myths Rapist Hold About Women - Answer - Myth 1: all women want to be raped
- Myth 2: woman who is raped is somehow asking for it/ deserve it
- Endorsed by people who are less educated and have strong gender bias
- Young people who hold traditional values are more tolerate of rape
Likely Age of Rape Victims - Answer - More likely to be 13 to 24, not exclusively
Gender Differences in Behavior Interpretation - Answer - Men interpret sexual behavior differently than women do
- Women can tell friendly and sexual interaction apart better
Intimate Partner Violence - Answer - For many years beating wife was legal
- Came to public attention in 1970s with the feminist movement
- Soon later surgeon general said violence against women was number one health problem for women
- OJ trial brought attention to IPV
- Consequences of IPV: psychological distress,
- Economical consequences, women may not go to work to hide bruises, legal fees, hospital costs
- Not clear if acts violence against men are overreported (for this reason) or underreported (because of embarrassment)
- Prevalence among same sex couples seem to be about the same
- Acute Episode -> Calm/Loving Period -> Tension-Building Phase -> Back to acute episode
- Abuser trying have control/dominance
- Trigger is usually when victims acts independent (ex: learning to drive)
- Lowest level of violence with shared power, shared decision making
- Stress can also be a trigger
Sexual Harassment - Answer - Effects mental and physical health
- Effects work and career,
- Can effect people's ability to trust, may lead to withdrawl from social interactions
Defining Sexual Harassment - Answer - Unwelcome sexual advances, other verbal or physical conduct, unsolicited sexual behavior
- 1st kind: quid pro quo (this for that): threatened by losing job, etc
- More likely with two people of different status
- 2nd kind: hostile environment: intimidating work environment
- More likely among peers, coworkers
- If someone feels free to pursue or not to pursue behavior, its usually not harassment
- If someone feels they have no choice, that is harassment
- If actions make someone feel good, not usually harassment
- If actions make someone feel uncomfortable, that is harassment
Sexual Harassment Statistics - Answer - College students see more things as harassment
- 20-30% of college women reported being harassed by male facility
- 2/3rds of women and ¼ have been sexually harassed by peer
Sexual Harassment Perpetrators - Answer - Older
- Married
- Endorse masculine, traditional beliefs
- Usually approach more than one woman
Characteristics of Sexual Harassment Victims - Answer - Younger
- Unmarried
- Working in male dominated professions
- Traditional occupations (quid pro quo)
- Less tradition, hostile enviroments
- More likely in college with small student to faculity ratios, in male fields
Biological Differences Between Men and Women (Drinking and Smoking) - Answer - Women are more effected by alcohol
- Greater risk of long term damage bc of alcohol
- Cigarettes are more dangerous for women
- Women have a harder time quitting
Social Differences Between Men and Women When studying health threats - Answer - Difference in work and careers, exposure to different health threats
- Men are considered the stanard when studying health
- Substance abuse, developed based on data from male drinkers
- Much less successful for women
Heart Disease Differences Between Men and Women - Answer - Men and women have different syntoms
Reading: Women and Addiction (Abuse Stats, Differences from Men, Side Effects) - Answer - Substance abuse among women is on the rise
- Women are fastest growing abuse group
- Women experience more rapid addiction than men
- Alcohol may effect reproductive maturity in adolescent girls
- Women have more chronic pain, use opiods more
- Women who use cocaine more likely to use other drugs during pregnancy
Reading: Alcohol: A Women's Health Issue - Answer - Recommended women only have 1 drink per day
- Drinking moderately can LOWER risk for coronary heart disease, MAINLY FOR WOMEN OVER 55
- People who can "handle" more alcohol are at higher risk for developing problems
- Women in 20s and 30s more likely to drink than older women
- Aging seems to reduce the body's ability to adapt to alcohol
- Fewer women than men drink, but women have more problems from drinking
Reading: Gender Differences in Drinking and Why They Still Exist - Answer - Men and women cope with stress differently
- Women understand risk of alcohol better
- Women less likely to binge drink
- Women tasked with being moderator of men's drinking
Reading: Victimization (Rape Survivors) - Answer - "Rape survivor" is a better term than "rape victim"
- Some women show "post-traumatic growth", positive life changes after trauma
- Particularly if they have strong social support and feel a sense of control over their recovery
- Women show more post-traumatic growth than men
Reading: Letter the Stanford Victim Read Aloud to Her Attacker - Answer - Assaulter (Turner) was given decreased prison sentence for for his own sake
- Turner's attorney's argued victim "eagerly consented"
- She was intrusively investigated at hospital (her body)
- Didn't want to tell parents and boyfriend
- News knew what happened before she did
- Jurors DID convict him guilty
Reading: Women as Health Care Providers - Answer - Most doctors are male, most nurses are female
- Women seen as more suited for nursing because "more caring"
- Harassment keeps women out of medical schools and professions
- Registered nurses (BS diploma) disrespect licensed practical nurses (LPN)
- more nurse independence, better patient outcomes
- Doctors count on patient's women to take care of them outside hospital
- Patients are more open with nurses
- Nurse care vs doctor care
Reading: Science Faculty's Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students (Study) - Answer - Female applicants were seen as less competent and hireable than identical male student
- Female applicants were offered less mentoring
- Female applicants were offered lower salary
- The gender of the hiring faculty had NO effect (equally bias)
- Treatment towards female applicants was UNRELATED to how male applicants were treated
Reading: Sex Difference in Physician Salary in US Public Medical Schools - Answer - Among physicians with faculty appointments, significant sex differences in salary exist
