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BIOLOGY SOL REVIEW:
A QUICK OVERVIEW CHEAT SHEET
Ecology
Commensalism 1 benefits, 0 harmed Orchid in a tree Mutualism 2 benefit, 0 harm Bacterial in human intestine Parasitism 1 benefit, 1 harmed Tapeworm Producer Autotroph Plant, photosynthetic bacteria or protist Consumer Heterotroph Must eat Decomposer Breaking down dead organisms
Fungi or bacteria growing on a dead tree Scavenger/detritivore Eats dead organisms Buzzard eating a dead skunk Herbivore Eats plants aphids Carnivore Eats meat Dog Omnivore Eats plants & meat Humans Primary consumer Always a herbivore Pioneer 1 st^ photosynthetic organism to colonize barren area
Ex. Moss or lichens
Secondary consumer Eats primary consumer May also be an omnivore Tertiary consumer Eats secondary consumer May be an omnivore Primary succession New life Melting glacier, new island Secondary succession New life where there was life before
Mt. St. Helens, forest fire
Punctuated equilibrium (evolution)
No change followed by short periods of abrupt change Gradualism (evolution)
Slow change
Predator: the hunter Prey: the one being hunted
Species: organisms look alike, breed, produce fertile offspring Hybrid: offspring of 2 different species, usually not fertile Population: same species living in same place Community: made up of many populations Ecosystem: how communities interact with environment Biosphere: made up of ecosystems
Carrying capacity: maximum number of organisms that an environment can support: S curve, logistic growth, larger organisms
Exponential growth: J curve, smaller organisms, rapid growth followed by sudden massive death , do not care for young
Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal environment such as pH, body temperature, water content
Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that take place in the body
Enzymes: function as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions, can be reused, can be affected by temperature & pH
Odds & Ends:
Ingest: to consume Splice: to join together Optimum: best Aquatic: water Terrestrial: land
Food Chain: Producer primary consumer secondary consumer (herbivore) (carnivore or omnivore)
Producers (makes food) = Autotroph: photosynthesis & cellular respiration Consumer (eats) = Heterotroph: cellular respiration Arrows show flow of energy
Photosynthesis: uses light + CO2 +H2O makes O2 + C6H12O6 (sugar)
Cellular Respiration: uses O2 + C6H12O6 makes CO2 + H2O + 36ATP + HEAT (purpose is to make ATP)
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration form a cycle because the product of one is the start up material for the other.
CHEMISTRY: Organic Molecules have a Carbon. 4 MACROMOLECULES ( all can be used as fuel for body):
Molecule name Made of Used for examples Carbohydrate C, H, O Energy storage Usually end in “ose” Plants store glucose as starch (ie. Potatoes) Lipids C, H, O Shaped like an “E”
Cell membranes, estrogen, long term energy storage
Fat, oil
Proteins C, H, O, N (forms amino acids…building blocks of life)
Skin, muscles, organs, enzymes
Usually end in “ase”, Lactase
Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P (forms nucleotides)
Stores genetic info DNA & RNA
Structure Prokaryote Eukaryote
Plant Protist Animal Fungi Cell Wall Yes Yes Mostly No No yes
Cell membrane Yes Yes Yes Yes yes Organelles No Yes Yes Yes yes Ribosomes Yes Yes Yes Yes yes chloroplast no yes Some no no Nucleus No Yes Yes Yes yes Centrioles No No Yes Yes no Example ONLY bacteria
Cactus Paramecium Human, worms
Mushroom , yeast
Cell History: In order of Discovery
Invention of microscope Hooke: viewed cells & named them “CELLS” Van Leeuwenhoek: viewed pond water & saw “animalcules”, now called Protist, also made microscopes Schleiden: plants are made of cells Schwann: animals are made of cells Virchow: cells come from cells Cell Theory: developed the cell theory which states that all living things are made of 1 or more cells, cells come from cells, cells are the basic unit of life
Modern Cell Theory : Energy flow occurs within cells (ATP), Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell, All cells have
the same basic chemical composition (CHONPS or macromolecules)
Examples of Polysaccharides (carbs) : Cellulose : found in plant cell walls Starch: polymer made up of monomers, how plants store sugars Glycogen: digested starch, found in liver and muscles
Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest”
Artificial Selection: “humans select the trait, nature provides variation”
Homologous: same or similar structures bone structures in vertebrate forelimbs: bones in bats, humans, alligator are similar
Analogous: structures do not look similar but serve similar function: Bird wings & butterfly wings
Vestigial: structures of little or no use: Wisdom teeth, human tail bone (coccyx) Vertebrate Embryology: large head, pharyngeal pouches, tail
Darwin: Theory of Evolution
Speciation: the formation of a new species, must become reproductively isolated
Geographic Isolation: when species become separated by barriers such as mountains or water, may lead to a new species Example: finches on Galapagos Islands Temporal Isolation: species are separated by mating at different times of the year
Behavioral Isolation: species are separated by different mating rituals
A = oxygen B = glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) C = water D= CO 2
Important People:
Francesco Redi Proved life comes from life (used meat & maggots)
Spallanzani Believed in spontaneous generation
Pasteur Pasteurization, rabies vaccine, germ theory, life from life
Joseph Priestly Plants make Oxygen (used plant, candle, mouse)
Melvin Calvin Carbon Dioxide is used to make glucose
Hans Kreb Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb cycle for cellular respiration
Fleming Discovered penicillin
Koch’s postulate Developed method to prove germs cause disease
Experimental Design:
Dependent variable
What is measured & counted
Independent variable
What the scientist changes in experiment
Control Group used for comparison, scientist doesn’t change it Constants Conditions kept the same for control & experimental group
Channel protein (passageway for food) Receptor protein (receives chemical info) Marker protein with carbohydrate flag (identifies the cell) Polar heads (hydrophilic)
Structure of a Cell Membrane:^ Nonpolar tails (hydrophobic, don’t like water, forms true barrier
Fluid Mosaic Model
Osmosis: diffusion of water from high to low concentration
Diffusion: movement of solute from high to low concentration
Non-polar tail
Polar heads
Phospholipid
bilayer
Marker protein
Heredity & Genetics People: In order of discovery
Mendel Father of heredity, worked with pea plants Griffith & Avery Transformation, worked with mice Hershey & Chase Proved DNA is genetic material Franklin x-rayed DNA Chargaff Base pairing rule A-T & C-G Watson & Crick Proved DNA is a double helix (spiral shaped, twisted ladder)
Chromosomes are made of 40% DNA & 60% protein Chromosomes exist in pairs called homologues, a full set of pairs in a cell is a diploid cell , diploid for human somatic (body) cells is 46 or 23 pairs; haploid is one set of chromosomes, in humans haploid is 23 and is found in egg & sperm. Punnett Square:
B
B b BB Bb b Bb bb
Homozygous: same alleles (copy of a gene) for a trait, example: BB or bb Heterozygous: different alleles for a trait, example: Bb
Phenotype: physical appearance or expression of genes Genotype: genetic makeup, genes that you actually have, may not always be expressed
Incomplete dominance: allele not completely dominant, example: red flower x white flower = pink Codominance: both alleles expressed at same time, example: blood types A x B = AB
DNA is made of : RNA is made of: Double strand Single strand Phosphate Phosphate Deoxyribose (sugar) Ribose (sugar) A- T & C- G (nitrogen bases)
A-U & C-G
A = adenine, T = Thymine, C = cytosine, G = guanine, U = uracil
Replication DNA to DNA happens in nucleus Transcription DNA to mRNA, happens in nucleus Translation mRNA to protein, happens on ribosomes (rRNA) Building blocks of life
Amino acids (= protein)
Mutation: changes in genetic material
Genetic Engineering: recombinant DNA = DNA of 2 different organisms combined
Cell Cycle: where cell grows and copies DNA: G1, S, G2 = interphase Mitosis: asexual cell reproduction, creates 2 genetically identical cells, makes body cells, stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis Meiosis: sexual cell reproduction, forms gametes (egg & sperm), haploid, cuts chromosome # in half, stages: Meiosis I: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I , telophase I Meiosis II: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
Prophase
Universal Genetic Code
Interphase =G1,S,G2 Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase Cytokinesis
Mitosis =
PMAT
example CGU codes for Arg
(B=brown, b=blond) Phenotype : 75% = brown hair, 25% = blond hair Genotype: 25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb
Phylum Class Example nutrition symmetry reproduction I N V E R T E B R A T E S N O B A C K B O N E Porifera Sponges Filter feeder asymmetrical Sexual, (hermaphrodites) Asexual (regeneration or budding) Cnidarians Scyphozoan Jellyfish, heterotroph radial Sexual
Hydrozoan Hydra Sexual, Asexual (budding)
Anthozoan Sea anemone, coral
sexual
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Turbellaria planaria heterotroph bilateral Hermaphrodites Trematoda Blood fluke(shistosomiasis) parasitic Cestoda tapeworm parasitic Nematoda (roundworms)
Pin worms, hookworms, ascaris Filariasis (elephantiasis)
Heterotroph Parasitic
bilateral sexual
Mollusca Gastropods Snails, slugs, Hetero bilateral sexual
Bivalves Oysters,clams Hetero: Filter feeder
cephalopods Octopus, quid Hetero Annelida (segmented)
Polychaeta Marine worm Hetero bilateral Sexual, hermaphrodites
Oligochaeta Earthworms Hetero: Decomposer
Hirudinea leeches Hetero: Decomposer & scavenger Arthropoda (jointed legs)
Sub Plylum: Chelicerata (fangs)
Spiders, mites, scorpions (arachnids)
hetero bilateral sexual
Sub Phylum: Crustacea
Lobster, shrimp, (aquatic) pillbug (terrestrial) Sub Phylum Uniramis (mandibles)
Insects (beetles, butterflys)
Echniderm Sea urchin, sand dollar, star fish Hetero, predator
Radial Sexual, star fish can regenerate
Stamen = male structures
Anther contains pollen
Carpel or Pistil = female
structures
Pollination occurs on stigma
Carpel or pistil
Phylum c l a s s
Example Nutrition # heart chambers
Respiration (Breathing)
Endothermic or ectothermic
Fertilization Symmetry reproduction
Chordata
Subphylum
Vertebrata
(have a backbone)
F
i s h
Class Agnatha=jawless, lamprey & hagfish Class Osteichtheyes=boney, most fish ClassChondrichthyes=cartilage, sharks, rays, skates
Hetero 2 Gills Ectothermic Mostly external, some internal (shark)
Bilateral sexual
A m p h i b i a n s Frogs, toads, salamanders 3 Lungs & cutaneous (skin)
ectothermic External
R e p t i l e s Snakes, turtles, alligators, lizards 3 ½
alligators & crocs have 4
Lungs with alveoli
(increases surface area)
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Internal
B
i r d s
Eagle, cardinal
Aves = birds
4 Lungs with air sacs, most efficient lungs
Endothermic (warm blooded)
Internal
M a m m a l s Kangaroo, opossum Hair & milk
4 Lungs with alveoli
Endothermic (warm blooded)
internal Marsupial (pouch)
Duck billed platypus Hair & milk
Egg layer
Cat, bat, whale, human Hair & milk
placental
Phosphorous Cycle: found in water, soil, rock: does not involve air (gas)
Nitrogen Cycle: Legumes: plants with bacteria that convert N 2 into ammonia & nitrates useful for plants Dead organisms release Nitrogen Lightning converts atmospheric nitrogen
Oxygen & Carbon Cycles: Pollutants, dead organisms, respiration of plants & animals put CO 2 into air Only photosynthesis removes CO 2 & releases oxygen
