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Neural Plate
Forms at 17 daysMade up of 3 parts: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm (changes create a neural plate). First step of neurulation. TERM 2
Neural Groove
DEFINITION 2 Created from the neural plate. (second step) TERM 3
Neural Tube
DEFINITION 3 Created from the neural groove; precursor to the central nervous system. TERM 4
Neural Crest
DEFINITION 4 The neural folds of the neural tube help form the neural crest; precursor for the peripheral nervous system. TERM 5
Neurulation
DEFINITION 5 The process of neural tube formation. Takes place about 22 days after conception.
Endoderm
Ultimately gives rise to the lining of many of the internal organs (viseral) TERM 7
Mesoderm
DEFINITION 7 These cells will eventually become the bones of the skeleton and the muscles. TERM 8
Ectoderm
DEFINITION 8 These cells will eventually become the nervous system and the skins TERM 9
Anencephaly and Spinal Bifada
DEFINITION 9 Conditions that can occur as a result of improper neural tube closure. The first occurs when the anterior neural tube doesn't close, this is always fatal. The second occurs when the posterior neural tube doesn't close, this isn't fatal. TERM 10
Folic Acid
DEFINITION 10 How can neural tube defects be prevented?
Corpus Callosum, Cortical White Matter and
Internal Capsule
The white matter structures (d) in the differentiation of the forebrain. TERM 17
Somatic Nervous System
DEFINITION 17 Made up of 30 pairs of Spinal Nerves and 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves. TERM 18
Somatic Sensation
DEFINITION 18 Enables the body to feel, ache and chill.Sensitive to stimuli.Somatic sensory system: different from other systems in that the receptors are distributed throughout and it responds to different kinds of stimuli such as touch, pain, temperature and proprioception (body position) TERM 19
Skin
DEFINITION 19 Types and layers: hairy and glabrous (hairless) and epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner).Functions: protective function, prevents evaporation of body fluids and provides direct contact with the world. TERM 20
Mechanoreceptors
DEFINITION 20 Receptors for touch, they react to pressure and distortion. Most common sensory receptor.They are sensitive to physical distortion such as bending and stretching.They monitor contact with the skin, as well as pressure in the heart and blood vessels, stretching of the digestive organs and urinary bladder and force against the teeth.Vary in frequencies, pressures and receptive field sizes (which can be mapped)
Merkel's Disk
Mechanoreceptor for pressure TERM 22
Meissner's Corpuscle
DEFINITION 22 Mechanoreceptor for gentle fluttering.More sensitive. TERM 23
Hair Follicle Receptor
DEFINITION 23 Mechanoreceptor for brushing. TERM 24
Pancinian Corpuscle
DEFINITION 24 Mechanoreceptor for vibration.Can respond quickly and rapidly adapt TERM 25
Ruffini's Ending
DEFINITION 25 Mechanoreceptor for stretch.
Primary Afferent
Neuron
Origin of axon ascends ipsilaterally through dorsal column.Axon terminates in dorsal column nuclei of medulla. TERM 32
Second Order
Neuron
DEFINITION 32 Axon originates in dorsal column nuclei (medulla).Ascends through medial lemniscus.Axon terminates in contralateral thalamus. TERM 33
Third Order
Neuron
DEFINITION 33 Axon originates in thalamus.Axon terminates in primary somatosensory cortex. TERM 34
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
DEFINITION 34 Brodmann's Area 3b (or S1)Receives dense input from VP nucleus of the thalamus.Projects to areas 1 (texture) and 2 (size and shape).Neurons: Responsive to somatosensory stimuli.Lesions impair somatic sensations.Electrical stimulation evokes sensory experiences. TERM 35
Somatotopy
DEFINITION 35 Mapping of the body on the cortex.
Somatotopic Maps
Resemble upside-down trapeze artist (homunculus).Not continuous.Not scales like human body (size correlated with
- density of sensory input and 2) importance). TERM 37
Somatotopic Map Plasticity
DEFINITION 37 Example: in the case of the Owl Monkey's hand, digit 3 was removed and digit 2 and 4 compensated. Thus it results in a reorganization of cortical map after the digit is removed.In humans: these people are called amputees. Some feel sensations from their missing limb when other body parts are touch. This is called a phantom limb. TERM 38
Synesthesia
DEFINITION 38 Stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a sensory or cognitive pathway.Over 60 types reported (ordinal linguistic personification, spatial-sequence, tone-color and grapheme- color. TERM 39
Posterior Parietal Cortex
DEFINITION 39 Integrates somatic sensation, visual stimuli, and movement planning.Where segregated streams of sensory info converge to generate complex neural representations.Perceives and interprets spatial relationships, accurate body image, and learning tasks involving coordination of body in space. TERM 40
Agnosia
DEFINITION 40 Lesions to the posterior parietal cortex.Inability to recognize objects even though there's nothing wrong with sensory pathways. An example of this is Astereoagnosia which is the inability to recognize objects specifically by feeling them. Neglect syndrome occurs when we are not able to take in sensory integration.
