Download Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam 2025 (more than 200 questions with correct answers) and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam
2025 (more than 200 questions with
correct answers)
Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure?
- Increased Urination
- Peripheral Edema
- Pulmonary Edema
- Immunosuppression - Correct answer Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply)
- Jugular Vein Distention
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
- Dyspnea - Correct answer - Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles auscultated in lungs
- Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
- Antibiotics and Steroids
- Vitamin D and Calcium
- Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
- ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers - Correct answer ACE inhibitors and Beta-Blockers Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
- An autoimmune disorder
- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
- An increase in intracranial pressure
- Hypotension - Correct answer - A venous blood clot from lower extremity Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except:
- Venous Blood Stasis
- Damage to the venous wall
- Venous blood hypermobility
- Increased blood coagulability - Correct answer Venous blood hypermobility How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
- Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
- manifests in ECG changes only
- Is not relieved by periods of rest
- Not as serious as stable angina - Correct answer Not relieved by periods of rest Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension?
- Bladder and Urethra
- Brain and Skin
- Heart and Kidneys
- Stomach and Intestines - Correct answer Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following?
- Dietary Modifications
- Engaging in regular exercise routines
- Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
- All of the above - Correct answer All of the above When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance.
- Renin
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Atrial Natriuretic
- Erythropoietin - Correct answer Renin Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply)
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute Renal Failure
- Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
- Increased Cardiac Output - Correct answer - Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute renal failure
- Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension
- Poor nursing and health care provider interventions - Correct answer Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen Which of the following is a type of septic shock?
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Distributive Shock
- Obstructive Shock
- Hypovolemic Shock - Correct answer Distributive Shock A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle degeneration is called what?
- Gower's Disease
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Fibromyalgia - Correct answer Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Homeostasis - Correct answer The maintenance of a constant, internal state. Allostasis - Correct answer The process where the body response to stressors in or to maintain homeostasis Allostatic Overload - Correct answer When chronic exposure exceeds the body's ability to cope Hypokalemia is - Correct answer Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia is - Correct answer Potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L Hypovolemia is - Correct answer A decrease in blood volume throughout the body Hydrostatic Pressure - Correct answer The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push the water out of the vessel Mitochondria - Correct answer The organelle where most of the body's ATP (Energy) is made.
Innate Immunity - Correct answer The immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth Antibody - Correct answer a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body Cytotoxic T Cells - Correct answer A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells Histamine - Correct answer A chemical mediator stored in mast cells that triggers inflammatory processes and causes itching Interstitial Fluid - Correct answer "Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - Correct answer A disease-causing agent Carcinoma - Correct answer Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - Correct answer Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - Correct answer Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what? - Correct answer Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - Correct answer Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath Melanoma - Correct answer The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin-forming cells Actinic Keratosis - Correct answer precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - Correct answer Redness of the skin (Superficial)
What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? - Correct answer The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? - Correct answer Chronic inflammation in affected joints What is one of the properties of cancer cells? - Correct answer The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as? - Correct answer First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? - Correct answer Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? - Correct answer Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain. What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? - Correct answer Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness Which of the following causes edema? - Correct answer Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? - Correct answer Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - Correct answer Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - Correct answer Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - Correct answer Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? - Correct answer Increased blood flow to the area A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. - Correct answer Simple transverse fracture Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? - Correct answer Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? - Correct answer Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following is an example of type ll hypersensitivity? - Correct answer Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetallis) - IgG or IgM Type 1 hypersensitivity - Correct answer Anaphylaxis, IgE mediated Type 3 hypersensitivity - Correct answer Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune- complex induced glomerulonephritis--Immune-Complex Mediated, formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Can cause systemic or localized reactions. I.e. farmer's lung, librarian's lung, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (wolf face).
- IgG, IgM Type 4 hypersensitivity - Correct answer contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, T-Cells What are the steps of carcinogenesis? - Correct answer initiation, promotion, progression Why is fibromyalgia frequently a misunderstood disorder? - Correct answer The client has pain but no specific diagnotics Which of the following causes itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists? - Correct answer Scabies What are matured monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues and engulf foreign substances called? - Correct answer Macrophages
what chemical does the body release during a stress response? - Correct answer Epinephrine fight or flight response is manifested by which of the following? - Correct answer Dilated pupils, increased heart rate, Increase heart pressure Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator, have on the body? - Correct answer Causes the blood vessels to dilate what is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful? - Correct answer Compartment syndrome Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - Correct answer Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes what typically causes contact dermatitis? - Correct answer contact with a skin allergen What is cachexia? - Correct answer Overall weightloss and weakness extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of what? - Correct answer Sodium and Chloride which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - Correct answer Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - Correct answer Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - Correct answer in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - Correct answer Alcoholism Pyelonephritis is the infection of which of the following areas? - Correct answer Kidney
Which of the following describes hematuria? - Correct answer Blood in the Urine Which of the following "Polys" occurs with type 1 diabetes? - Correct answer Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia The client has gallstones obstructing the bile duct. What symptoms would the nurse to expect to see in this client? - Correct answer Severe right upper quadrant pain What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2? - Correct answer Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production; type 2 is due to lack of a pancreas What is one of the causes of pyelonephritis? - Correct answer Ascending urinary tract infection The client can expect which of the following concerns when infected with Herpes Simplex Virus? - Correct answer A recurrence of symptoms periodically Which condition is the result of endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus? - Correct answer Endometriosis Which of the following is a condition of the newborn eyes caused by the transmission of Chlamydia? - Correct answer Ophthalmia Neonatorum What are the two main conditions responsible for chronic kidney disease? - Correct answer Hypertension and Diabetes Which of the following can lead to an intrarenal kidney injury? - Correct answer Clot in the renal artery What causes a rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? - Correct answer Inflammation and Abdominal muscle spasm Which of the following electrolyte disorders is associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone? - Correct answer Hyponatremia
Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? - Correct answer Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? - Correct answer Increased intra-abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)? - Correct answer Decreased urine output What causes diabetes insipidus? - Correct answer Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) production What are the main characteristics of Cushing Syndrome? - Correct answer Excessive Cortisol Production, fluid retention, and moon-face appearance Which of the following is a problem related to benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH) - Correct answer Inability to pass urine effectively Which of the following conditions would be expected with a client who has elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with a decrease T3/T level? - Correct answer Hypothyroidism Which of the following may result in a mechanical bowel obstruction? - Correct answer Intussusception: A condition in which part of the intestine telescopes into itself. Which symptom would a client with chronic gastritis likely exhibit? - Correct answer Hyperchlorhydria and ulcers Dysphagia - Correct answer condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful chronic gastritis symptoms - Correct answer burning or gnawing epigastric pain, nausea, weight loss, anorexia, and hematemesis Which of the following is an example of general cause of UTI? - Correct answer E. Coli - Escherichia Coli
Which of the following is an example of postrenal kidney injury? - Correct answer An obstruction in the ureter Which of the following may occur if gastroenteritis is left untreated? - Correct answer Electrolyte Imbalance and Dehydration Which of the following is a serious potential complication of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)? - Correct answer Esophageal Cancer What of the following may occur with exposure to antibiotics? - Correct answer Diarrhea What type of incontinence is caused by an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to activities such as coughing or sneezing? - Correct answer Stress Which of the following does helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) often cause - Correct answer Peptic Ulcer Disease Which disorder is related to breaking down fats for energy in clients with type 1 diabetes? - Correct answer Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Which of the following is a classic manifestation of glomerulonephritis? - Correct answer Proteinuria What is most likely the cause of polyuria in renal insufficiency? - Correct answer Loss of tubule function Which of the following are inflammatory bowel disorders? - Correct answer Ulcerative Colitis and Crohns Disease Which of the following is the name of a medical emergency associated with hyperthyroidism, in which the client experiences fever, decreased levels of consciousness, and abdominal pain? - Correct answer Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis) Which condition is typically caused by genetic mutation? - Correct answer Polycystic kidney disease
A hemorrhagic stroke is due to which cause? - Correct answer Client has a bleeding vessel in the brain Where is the most common location of cerebral aneurysms? - Correct answer In the Circle of Willis: acts to provide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas Serious complication of Epilepsy - Correct answer Status Epilepticus: A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or having more than 1 seizure within a 5 minutes period, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes What is the difference between a focal seizure and generalized seizure? - Correct answer Generalized is due to whole seizure activity Identify the AS of Alzheimer Disease - Correct answer Anomia(Aphasia), Agnosia, Amnesia, Apraxia Treatment of Alzheimers are medications to maximize functioning - Correct answer True Brain tumor complications can result in death due to which - Correct answer Increased ICP Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by which? - Correct answer Demyelination of Neurons Destruction of which brain structure results in manifestations of Parkinson's Disease - Correct answer Substantia Nigra: is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Parkinson's Disease manifestations are due to? - Correct answer Under production of Dopamine Myasthenia Gravis is due to which cause? - Correct answer Autoimmune IgG autoantibodies
Determine the minute volume: Tidal Volume = 400ml ; Resp. Rate = 12 bpm - Correct answer 4800 ml/min Lung compliance is which below - Correct answer Compliance is the 'stretch' and recovery of the lungs What is the role of the lungs in pH balance - Correct answer The lungs manage CO2 balance Nosocomial Pneumonia results in which type of pneumonia? - Correct answer Hospital acquired Pneumonia Compliance with TB medication is important due to which complication? - Correct answer Development of drug-resistant forms What are the problems when a client has a asthma attack? - Correct answer Airway swelling and Mucus What is a life threatening condition related to an asthma attack? - Correct answer Status Asthmaticus: respiratory failure that comes with the worst form of acute severe asthma, or an asthma attack What is Cor Pulmonale? - Correct answer Pulmonary related right-sided heart failure Which condition is called 'pink puffer' - Correct answer Emphysema: lung condition that causes shortness of breath; the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged Atelectasis is referred to as which complication? - Correct answer Collapsed Alveoli Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is due to another serious condition - Correct answer TRUE What is the hallmark of ARDS? - Correct answer Refractory Hypoxemia What is the classic defining characterisitic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - Correct answer Reed-Sternberg cells
Accumulation of blood coming into the right side of the heart causes congestion and fluid accumulation in other parts of the body, such as the legs and the liver. Virchow's Triad is indicative of which complication - Correct answer Development of thrombi Shock is characterized by - Correct answer Inadequate Oxygen Delivery to Tissues Management of any type of shock is dependent on which? - Correct answer Treating the underlying cause Which type of shock does not respond well to the administration of fluid? - Correct answer Cardiogenic What are the three phases of acute kidney injury? - Correct answer Prodromal, Oliguric, Postoliguric Increased plasma albumin causes ascites - Correct answer False: A normal albumin range is 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL. If you have a lower albumin level, you may have malnutrition. It can also mean that you have liver disease or an inflammatory disease. Higher albumin levels may be caused by acute infections, burns, and stress from surgery or a heart attack. Which of the following leads to the appearance of a barrel chest in clients with COPD - Correct answer Air trapping in the Alveoli What would you expect to see in a client with COPD - Correct answer Dyspnea on Exertion It is typical to see constipation, weight gain, and fatigue in a patient with hypothyroidism - Correct answer True hyperthroidism - Correct answer Hyperthyroidism is the production of too much thyroxine hormone. It can increase metabolism. Symptoms include unexpected weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, and irritability, Graves Disease
What is compartment syndrome? - Correct answer Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that involves increased pressure in a muscle compartment. It can lead to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow. Rheumatoid arthritis and allergies can result from excessive immune responses - Correct answer TRUE cause of contact dermatitis - Correct answer Contact with skin allergen A patient with Cushing syndrome would MOST likely present with: - Correct answer Hypercortisolism: fatty hump between shoulders, rounded face, pink or purple stretch marks. Hypocortisolism - Correct answer Specifically, the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and sometimes aldosterone: fatigue, nausea, darkening of the skin, and dizziness upon standing. Imbalance of ___ with diabetes insipidus - Correct answer ADH The liver is associated with development of esophageal varices - Correct answer True Energy used to maintain biologic functions in an undiagnosed type 1 diabetic involved which of the following? - Correct answer Fat tissue Vaccines are classified as primary prevention - Correct answer True What happens in clients with exercised induced asthma? - Correct answer Bronchospasm after exercise What would you expect to see in a patient with gout - Correct answer Change in uric acid levels H. Pylori often causes - Correct answer Peptic Ulcer Disease Untreated chronic bronchitis causes hepatic encephalopathy - Correct answer FALSE: Pneumonia HPV can lead to which type of cancer? - Correct answer Cervical Cancer
