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RC EMR – CH8 SHOCK WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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What is the process of delivering oxygen to the body's tissues through the circulatorysystem called?
what 3 conditions must be met for it to be effective?
- Perfusion
a) effective heart function b) adequate blood volume c) functional blood vessels.
How does shock resulting from the heart's inability to pump blood effectively throughthe circulatory system occur?
what is an example of this type of shock?
- Cardiogenic shock
- an example is a patient in cardiac arrest
the general term for shock that results from an insufficient volume of blood circulating inthe body
what are the 5 types of this condition?
- Hypovolemic shock
a) hemorrhagic shock (blood loss) b) Distributive shock (blood pooling). i)Neurogenic Shockii)Psychogenic Shock iii)Septic Shock e) Anaphylactic Shock (permeability of the body's blood vessels)
What type of shock is caused by nervous system failure that leads to blood vesseldilation?
what could be a potential cause?1. Neurogenic shock
- often caused by brain or spinal cord injury
__________ ____________ is a form of true hypovolemic shock that occurs as the result of
what are some of the early signs?
- compensated shock 2.a) pale, cool skin
b) rapid heart rate c) increased respiration.
What happens when the body's compensatory mechanisms fail during shock? what are some of the life-threatening symptoms at this stage?
- the body enters the decompensated shock stage
a) weak pulse b) shallow breathing c) confusion d) cyanosis.
What defines the final stage of shock where organ damage is too extensive to reverse? what ultimately happens to the patient?1. Irreversible shock
- the patient becomes unresponsive, and death occurs due to cardiac arrest.
How shock occurs due to significant blood loss? what are the three main stages it progresses through?1. Hemorrhagic shock
a) compensated b) decompensated c) irreversible stages
What is the positioning of a patient called where they lie flat on their back with legselevated to improve blood flow
when is it contraindicated?
- Trendelenburg position
What are some of the 6 observable signs that a patient is experiencing shock?
- Pale, cool skin
- rapid heartbeat
- shallow breathing
- confusion
- cyanosis
- weak pulse.
What general steps should be taken to care for a patient in shock, why is rapid transport to advanced care critical?
a) Help the patient rest b) maintain body temperature c) avoid giving food or drink d) provide high-flow oxygen
- to prevent progression to irreversible shock.
What term refers to a type of shock where blood volume is sufficient but blood vesselsare dilated, causing ineffective circulation?
what are the three examples?
- Relative hypovolemic shock
a) neurogenic b) psychogenic c) septic shock.
What does the term for an abnormally fast heart rate refer to? what stage does it occur? why?1. Tachycardia
- compensated shock
- the body tries to increase blood flow to vital organs.
Capillary refill time slows during compensated shock as less blood reaches theextremities.
How is excessive sweating called? how does it relate to the body's response to shock? in which stage is it most commonly observed?
- Diaphoresis
- it occurs as the body attempts to cope with the stress of shock
- especially during the decompensated stage.
What is the term for a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues how does this process play a central role in shock?
- Hypoxia
- it is the main underlying cause of organ failure and tissue death in shock.
How can a pulmonary embolism lead to obstructive shock?
what are some of the primary symptoms?
- can block blood flow in the lungs, preventing the heart from pumping blood effectively
a) rapid, shallow breathing b)cyanosis.
What condition involves air trapped in the pleural cavity causing lung collapse? how can this lead to obstructive shock? obstructive shock is when something physically prevents the heart from filling oremptying effectively.
- Tension pneumothorax
- it puts pressure on the heart, preventing it from filling properly, leading to obstructiveshock.
What is it called when blood vessels expand, reducing blood pressure? how is this phenomenon linked to distributive shock?1. Dilated blood vessels
- when blood vessels to lose their ability
- ensuring that oxygenated blood reaches the organs and tissues to prevent furtherdeterioration.
What role does blood vessel constriction play in compensated stage? how does it help maintain circulation?1. Blood vessel constriction helps prioritize blood flow to vital organs
- it helps to sustain blood pressure and delay progression to decompensated shock.
How does the brain respond to a lack of oxygen during shock? what are the effects of brain hypoxia in the decompensated and irreversible stages?
- The brain responds by attempting to restore balance in oxygen distribution
- decompensated and irreversible stages a) brain hypoxia leads i) confusion, ii) unresponsiveness iii) eventual death.
Why is the supine position recommended for patients in shock? in what situations might this positioning not be advised?
- The supine position helps improve blood flow to the vital organs.
- during certain types of trauma or high blood pressure.
How does a significant drop in blood pressure indicate the transition from compensatedto decompensated shock?
what are the potential consequences?
- A blood pressure drop signifies that the body's compensatory mechanisms are failing
- leading to poor perfusion and the risk of organ failure.
Why is thirst a common symptom in decompensated shock? why should patients in shock be advised against drinking fluids?
- Thirst occurs due to fluid loss and hypoxia
- they may require surgery, where an empty stomach is necessary.
c) blood (fluid)
- occurs because blood does not circulate effectively to the body ’ s tissues.
how does the body compensate for decreased blood volume? what happens when the body can no longer keep up with blood loss?
- The body compensates by producing new blood cells and reabsorbing fluid from: a) the kidneys b) lungs c) intestines
- When blood loss overwhelms these mechanisms, hypovolemic shock occurs
Why is decreased tissue perfusion dangerous in shock? what are the long-term consequences if it is intreated?
- Decreased tissue perfusion leads to hypoxia which causes cell and tissue death.
- can result in organ failure and death.
The Domino Effect of hemorrhagic shockInitial Cause:
- Hemorrhage a)An injury causes severe bleeding Compensated Shock
- Tachycardia (Increased Heart Rate) a) The heart compensates for blood loss by beating faster. b) As blood volume drops, the pulse weakens.
- Tachypnea (Increased Respiration) a) increased workload on the heart leads to faster breathing.
- Vasoconstriction and Pale Skin a) blood vessels in the arms and legs constrict b) skin to becomes pale, cool, diaphoretic
- The bodyin death. ’ s continued attempt to compensate for severe blood loss ultimately results
hemorrhagic shock: 3 stages of Compensated Shock
- Tachycardia (Increased Heart Rate) a) The heart compensates for blood loss by beating faster. b) As blood volume drops, the pulse weakens.
- Tachypnea (Increased Respiration) a) increased workload on the heart leads to faster breathing.
- Vasoconstriction and Pale Skin a) blood vessels in the arms and legs constrict b) skin to becomes pale, cool, diaphoretic
hemorrhagic shock: 2 stages of Decompensated Shock
- Cell Death in the Extremities a) Tissues in the extremities become oxygen-deprived, leading to cell death. b) The brain attempts to restore balance by redistributing blood to meet the oxygenneeds of both vital organs and the extremities.
- Further Oxygen Deficiency in Vital Organs a) The vital organs begin to lack sufficient oxygen. b) The heart compensates by beating even faster, worsening blood loss.
hemorrhagic shock:
stages of Organ Failure and Hypoxia in Irreversible Shock
- Organ Failure and Hypoxia a) vital organs stop functioning effectively.
