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Personality

• Stable and distinct patterns of behavior that characterize an individual and his or her reactions to the environment.
• Personality Traits – relatively enduring dispositions; tendency to act, think, or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstances and that distinguish one person from another.
• Personality Types – general description of people
• Personality state – emotional reaction that vary from one situation to another
• Self-concept – a person’s self-definition; an organized and relatively consistent set of assumptions that a person has about himself or herself Strategy of Structured Personality Test
• Deductive – uses reason and deductive logic to determine the meaning of a test response
• Logical – Also called as content/intuitive/rational approach
• Item selection based on face validity
• Test designer tries to logically deduce the type of content that should measure the characteristic to be assessed.
• It assumes that the test item describes the subjects’ personality and behavior.
• Theoretical – test construction is guided by a particular psychological theory
• Every item must be related to on how the theory describe the characteristic. Empirical – reliance on data collection and statistical analyses to determine the meaning of a test response.
• Criterion-Group Strategy
• Also called as criterion-group/criterion-keying method, external/empirical strategy (Criterion group – a collection of individuals who share a characteristic the test developer intends to measure.
• Constructors attempt to locate/create items that distinguish the criterion and control group followed by cross validation; then norming follows.
• Factor Analytic Strategy – items that are related to each other are labeled as one factor. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• Authors: Starke Hathaway, Ph.D. J. Charnley McKinley, MD
• Date of Publication: 1943
• Purpose: Its main use is to assist psychologists and psychiatrists in distinguishing normal from abnormal groups. The test was designed to aid in the diagnosis or assessment of the major psychiatric and sychological disorders. Administration:

be a very eccentric individual or someone who was attempting to fake bad.

• Superlative Self Presentation Scale (S scale) – a measure of defensiveness.
• Correction Scale (K scale) - a reflection of the frankness of the test taker’s self-report.
• An elevated K score is associated with defensiveness and the desire to present a favorable impression. Also a measure of faking good.
• The K scale is sometimes used to correct scores on five of the clinical scales. The scores are statistically corrected for an individual’s over willingness or unwillingness to admit deviance.
• Cannot Say Scale (? Scale) - the validity of an answer sheet with a ‘cannot say’ count of 30 or higher is called into question and deemed uninterpretable.
• True Response Inconsistency (TRIN) - designed to identify acquiescent and nonacquiescent response patterns.
• Pairs of items worded in opposite forms.
• Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN) - designed to identify indiscriminate response patterns.
• Back Page Infrequency (FB) – reflects a significant change in the test taker’s approach to the latter part of the test.
• Infrequency – Psychopathology Scale (FP) – the test taker is Over reporting psychopathology in an attempt to appear more disturbed than he or she is in reality. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
• Author: Raymond Cattell
• Description: A test, constructed through factor analysis, containing 185 items which comprises the 16 primary personality scales as well as Impression Management (IM) index which measures social desirability.
• Readability: 5th grade level Administration:
• The test can be administered individually or in groups.
• It takes 35 to 50 minutes to complete by hand or 25 to 35 minutes by computer.
• It is designed to be administered to adults aged 16 years and older. PRIMARY FACTORS FACTOR LEFT MEANING (-) RIGHT MEANING (+) A-Warmth Reserved, impersonal, distant Warm, outgoing, attentive to others B-Reasoning concrete abstract C-Emotional Stability Reactive, emotionally Emotionally stable, adaptive, changeable mature E-Dominance Deferential, cooperative, avoid conflict Dominant, forceful, assertive F-Liveliness Serious, restrained, careful Lively, animated, spontaneous G-Rule Consciousness Expedient, non- conforming Rule-conscious, dutiful H- Social boldness Shy, threat- sensitive, timid Socially bold, venturesome, thick-skinned I-Sensitivity Utilitarian, objective, unsentimental Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental L-Vigilance Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical, wary M-Abstractedness Grounded, practical, solution- oriented Abstracted, imaginative, idea- oriented N- Private Unpretentious, open, genuine, artless Polished, socially aware, diplomatic O-Apprehension Self-assured, unworried, complacent Apprehensive, self0 doubting, worried Q1- Openness to Change Traditional, attached to familiar Open to change, experimenting Q2- Self- Reliance Group- oriented, affiliative Self-reliant, solitary, individualistic Q3- Perfectionism Tolerates disorder, unexacting, flexible Perfectionist, organized, self- disciplined Q4- Tension Relaxed, placid, patient Tense, high energy, impatient, driven GLOBAL FACTORS FACTOR LEFT MEANING (-) RIGHT MEANING (+) EX- Extraversion Introverted, socially inhibited Extraverted, socially participating AX- Anxiety Low anxiety, unpertubed High anxiety, perturbable TM- Tough- mindedness Receptive, open- minded, intuitive Tough—minded, resolute, unemphatic IN- Independence Accommodating, agreeable, selfless Independent, persuasive, willful SC- Self-Control Unrestrained, follows urges Self- controlled, inhibits urges Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
• Authors: Katherine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers
• Description: MBTI is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. It is designed to make Carl

Jung’s theory of psychological types understandable and useful in everyday life. The Extraversion-Introversion (EI) Scale

• Where do you prefer to focus your attention and energy – the outer world and external events or your own inner world of ideas and experiences? The Sensing-Intuition (SN) Scale
• How do you take information and find out about things
• focus on the basic information you take in or focus on interpreting and adding meaning on the information? The Thinking-Feeling (TF) Scale
• How do you make decisions – first look at logic and consistency or first look at the people and special circumstances? The Judging-Perceiving (JP) Scale
• How do you orient the outer world? What is your style in dealing with the outer world – get things decided or stay open to new information and options? Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)
• Description: It was designed primarily as an instrument for research and counselling purposes to provide quick and convenient measures of a number of relatively normal personality variables.
• Its theoretical foundation is Henry Murray’s list of manifest needs.
• It holds 15 personality variables and they are measures of social desirability of an individual. Administration:
• It may be given either individually or to large groups.
• It requires about 40 minutes for the average college student to complete the EPPS.
• There is no time limit but test-takers are encouraged to work as rapidly as possible. PERSONAL VARIABLES/NEEDS VARIABLE/NEED SYMBOL DESCRIPTION Achievement Ach To do one’s best, to be successful. To accomplish tasks which require skills and effort, to be recognized to an authority figure, to do difficult job well, to solve problems Deference Def To get suggestions from others, to find out what others think, to follow instructions and to do what is expected, to praise others, to conform, to let others make decision Order Ord To be organized, to make plans before starting a task, to keep things neat and in order, to have things arranged so that they will run smoothly without change Exhibition Exh To say witty and clever things, to talk about personal achievements, to be the center of attention, to be noticed and praised by others, to talk about personal xps Autonomy Aut To be independent, to feel free to do what one wants, to do things that are unconventional, to criticize those who are in authority position, to make own decision Affiliation Aff To be loyal to friends, to do things for friends, to form new friendships, to share things with friends, to form strong attachments, to participate in friendly groups Intraception Int To analyze one’s motives and feelings, to observe others, to understand others, to analyze the beh’rs of others Succorance Suc To seek encouragement and help from others, to receive a great deal of affection and sympathy from others, to be helped by others Dominance Dom To be a leader, to argue for one’s opinion, to make group decisions, to persuade and influence others Abasement Aba To feel guilty when one does something wrong, to accept blame, to feel the need for confession of errors, to feel better when giving in and avoiding a fight than having one’s own way Nurturance Nur To help and assist friends, to treat others with kindness and sympathy, to be generous, to forgive others, to show affection to other people Change Chg To do new and different things, to meet new ppl, to xp novelty and change, to participate in new fads and fashion Endurance End To keep at a job until it is finished, to work hard at a task, to stay up late at night to finish something, to avoid being interrupted at work, to ignore

B. Extraversion - quantity and intensity of energy directed outwards into the social world

• Warmth: interest in and friendliness towards others
• Gregariousness: preference for the company of others
• Assertiveness: social ascendancy and forcefulness of expression
• Activity: pace of living
• Excitement Seeking: need for environmental stimulation
• Positive Emotions: tendency to experience positive emotions C. Openness to Experience - the active seeking and appreciation of experiences for their own sake
• Fantasy: receptivity to the inner world of imagination
• Aesthetics: appreciation of art and beauty
• Feelings: openness to inner feelings and emotions
• Actions: openness to new experiences on a practical level
• Ideas: intellectual curiosity
• Values: readiness to re-examine own values and those of authority figures D. Agreeableness - the kinds of interactions an individual prefers from compassion to tough mindedness
• Trust: belief in the sincerity and good intentions of others
• Straightforwardness: frankness in expression
• Altruism: active concern for the welfare of others
• Compliance: response to interpersonal conflict
• Modesty: tendency to play down own achievements and be humble.
• Tender-Mindedness: attitude of sympathy for others. E. Conscientiousness - degree of organization, persistence, control and motivation in goal directed behavior
• Competence: belief in own self efficacy
• Order: personal organization
• Dutifulness: emphasis placed on importance of fulfilling moral obligations
• Achievement Striving: need for personal achievement and sense of direction
• Self-Discipline: capacity to begin tasks and follow through to completion despite boredom or distractions.
• Deliberation: tendency to think things through before acting or speaking. Issues in Test Administration
• The Examiner and the Subject
• Training of the Test Administrator
• Mode of Administration
• Subject Variables
  • Behavior Assessment Issues

The Examiner and the Subject

• Relationship between Examiner and the test taker
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) enhanced rapport increased score
• Faulty Response Style
  • Acquiescent Response – tendency to have increased agreement in responding in a test or interview. o Most responses are positive in test items regardless of item content
  • Socially Desirable Response Style – Present oneself in favorable or socially desirable way
• Language of the test taker
  • Test takers proficient in two or more languages should be tested to the language they are most comfortable.
• Race of test taker
  • There are significant effects from the examiner’s race to the samples responses. Training of Test Administrator
• Different assessment procedures require different levels of training.
• According to research, at least 10 practice sessions are needed to gain competency in scoring WAIS –R Mode of Administration
• Self-administered measures shows lower results than psychologist administered.
• Telephone interviews show better health than self- administered interviews. Subject Variables

1. Test Anxiety – anxiety based on test performance.
   • Composed of WORRY, EMOTIONALITY, and LACK OF SELF CONFIDENCE
2. Illness – Diseases (mental or psychological) influences test taking behavior and performance. (malingerers)
3. Hormones – Women during menstruation period are advised to skip testing due to imbalance of hormones that can affect their mood cycles.
4. Motivation – Test takers who were required to take testing as occupational requirement tend to have unreliable results. Parametric vs. Non Parametric Parametric
   • Assumptions are made for the population
   • Homogenous data; normally distributed samples
     • Means and SD