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Research NSG3301 Midterm Exam 2025 with Answers, Exams of Nursing

Research NSG3301 Midterm Exam 2025 with Answers Research NSG3301 Midterm Exam 2025 with Answers Research NSG3301 Midterm Exam 2025 with Answers

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Research NSG3301 Midterm Exam
2025 with Answers
Research - Correct answer the systematic , rigorous, investigation with the
aim of answering Qs about nursing phenomenon
Phenomenon - Correct answer occurrence, circumstances, or facts that
are perceptible by the senses
Significance of Research - Correct answer - expands scientific knowledge
- foundation for evidence-informed nursing
- allows practice to advance and adapt to current issues and environment
- maintain professional relevance
evidence-based practice - Correct answer nursing care provided that is
supported by sound scientific rationale
Evidence-informed practice - Correct answer The incorporation of
evidence from research, clinical expertise, client preferences, and other
sources to make decisions about client care.
- includes ways of knowing, indigenous knowledge, cultural and religious
norms and clinical judgement
Evidence-informed practice - Correct answer making a continuous,
interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious, and and judicious
consideration of the best available evidence
Research trends - Correct answer - community based care
- reduce disparities
- health promotion and risk reduction,
- reduce nosocomial diseases
- reduce comorbid conditions
Research trends - Correct answer - emphasis on provider accountability
on quality and cost outcomes,
- aging population,
- interdisciplinary collaboration
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Research NSG3301 Midterm Exam

2025 with Answers

Research - Correct answer the systematic , rigorous, investigation with the aim of answering Qs about nursing phenomenon Phenomenon - Correct answer occurrence, circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses Significance of Research - Correct answer - expands scientific knowledge

  • foundation for evidence-informed nursing
  • allows practice to advance and adapt to current issues and environment
  • maintain professional relevance evidence-based practice - Correct answer nursing care provided that is supported by sound scientific rationale Evidence-informed practice - Correct answer The incorporation of evidence from research, clinical expertise, client preferences, and other sources to make decisions about client care.
  • includes ways of knowing, indigenous knowledge, cultural and religious norms and clinical judgement Evidence-informed practice - Correct answer making a continuous, interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious, and and judicious consideration of the best available evidence Research trends - Correct answer - community based care
  • reduce disparities
  • health promotion and risk reduction,
  • reduce nosocomial diseases
  • reduce comorbid conditions Research trends - Correct answer - emphasis on provider accountability on quality and cost outcomes,
  • aging population,
  • interdisciplinary collaboration
  • technology to serve humans
  • needs of indigenous people consumer of research - Correct answer appraise research evidence & use existing standards to determine merit & readiness for use in clinical practice nurses role in research - Correct answer - consumer: engage in research & activities that promote safe, competent, & compassionate ethical care
  • generator of clinical questions (MD/PHD)
  • protector of research participants - unethical practice Florence Nightingale - Correct answer 19th Century
  • 1860 publishes notes in nursing - a systematic collection and exploration of data to support health promotion and disease prevention = decreased mortality rate
  • emphasis on education not research
  • American Nursing Association publishes 'Nursing Research'
  • First masters program at UWesternOntario
  • development of nursing theories and practice guides - Correct answer 20th century nursing 1900- 20th century nurisng - Correct answer - first fed grants for nursing research
  • McGill opens 1st nursing research center (1971)
  • Doctoral programs at UofA (91), EBC, McGill, UofT,
  • Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF) gives nursing $25million 21st century nursing 2000-2012 - Correct answer - CHSRF & CIHR give 5 grants for nursing
  • Canadian Association Schools of Nursing develop PhD programs Depth in Nursing Research - Correct answer - repetition/replication of studies provides depth and promotes generalizability of findings
  • repeats in geographical areas
  • Nancy Edwards, Ottawa, Elderly fall prevention
  • a continual life process from deep reflection good for interpersonal relationships Experiential knowledge - Correct answer knowledge gained through repeated experience = efficiency. Novice -> competent > expert > practitioner (fully engaged and able to respond) Ethical knowledge - Correct answer knowledge of the morals of nursing - principles, codes, judgement of right & responsible, including conflict resolution Paradigm - Correct answer a set of beliefs and practices shared by a community of researchers and guides the knowledge development process Ontology - Correct answer The study of being - what it means to say something exists or is real Epistemology - Correct answer the study of knowledge, "How do we know what we know?" methodology - Correct answer discipline-specific principles, rules, and procedures that guide the research process context - Correct answer The personal, social, and political environment in which a phenomenon of interest occurs aim of inquiry - Correct answer goals or specific objectives of the research Post-Positivist Paradigm Ontology - what exists - Correct answer - a material world exists but not all things can be understood, sensed, or explained by cause and effect
  • the senses provide us with an imperfect understanding of the external/ material world QUANTITATIVE research values - Correct answer personal beliefs of the researcher RN licencing and research competencies - Correct answer research competencies required for RNs:
  • critically evaluate EBP guides to support professional practice
  • nurse/client relationship (inform pt of rights to refuse and participate)
  • read, critique, seek research opportunities & incorporate Critical Theory Paradigm - Ontology - Correct answer - reality created by those in history with the most power
  • reality is plastic, imperfect, and shaped by social, political, economic, and cultural forces QUAL & QUANT Constructive paradigm Ontology - Correct answer reality is constructed by individual perception. No absolute truth; it is relative to perception QUALITATIVE Post-Positivist Paradigm (Quantitative) - Epistemology (truth; how do we know what we know) - Correct answer - believe that researchers are naturally biased
  • triangulation is encouraged and goal is to be objective QUANTITATIVE Critical theory paradigm - Epistemology - Correct answer - belief that research is influenced by values, perception and context of what researcher or pts believe to be true QUAL & QUANT Constructive paradigm Epistemology - Correct answer - belief that values and perception influence the researcher knowledge with emphasis on the human experience QUALITATIVE Post-Positivism Methodology - Correct answer - research Qs and hypothesis are subjected to testing
  • using a series of logical steps and experimental & non-experimental approaches under careful control Critical theory

deductive reasoning - Correct answer type of reasoning:

  • using facts you know are true to come to conclusions about other facts ex. - The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning. concepts - Correct answer - an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea (pain)
  • the major components of theory that convey the idea theory - Correct answer A blueprint or set of interrelated concepts or hypothesis that explain phenomena that has been tested with a significant amount of data supported by concepts and how they are related Hypothesis - Correct answer - a tentative statement of expected relationship between 2 or more variables that can be empirically tested (verified by observation)
  • a best guess or prediction to answer the research Q conceptual framework - Correct answer this framework describes "constructing" a study map of concepts and/or theories that explain why a phenomenon exists. From a QUALITATIVE research project theoretical framework - Correct answer This framework is a study map of concepts and/or theories "based" on a philosophical belief or understanding of why the phenomenon exists ladder of abstraction - Correct answer Abstract > Concrete:
  • worldview
  • framework
  • theories / hypotheses
  • concepts (conceptual definition and operational definition)
  • variables (observable elements through the senses) Concepts - Correct answer Conceptual/ dictionary definition: hospital stay
  • time a pt is registered in hosp Operational/measurable definition:
  • sum of days from admission to discharge Effective framework guides - Correct answer effective frameworks:
  • guides researcher -selects methods of measuring variables,
  • is framework present and can it be used as a baseline for other research? Research Process Steps Qual - Correct answer QUALITATIVE
  • Identify the phenomenon, purpose and literature review in abstract/ intro
  • design and sample in methods/ participants
  • legal-ethical issues, data collection and analysis in procedures/ data
  • results / discussion
  • references Steps of the research process Quant - Correct answer QUANTITATIVE
  • research problem and purpose in abst/ intro
  • lit review
  • theoretical / conceptual framework (or list concepts)
  • hypothesis / research questions in intro or results
  • research design, sample (type & size), legal-ethical issues, instruments, and data-collection & analysis in "procedures/ methods"
  • results, discussion, findings, recommendations
  • references
  • communicating research results Critical reading - Correct answer reading while actively engaging in the point of view of the writer Critical reading process / steps - Correct answer reading process where you
  • identify concepts
  • clarify unfamiliar terms
  • question assumptions
  • assess the study for validity
  • preliminary understanding (skim)
  • comprehensive underst (authors intent, terms and context)
  • analysis undrst. (parts)
  • synthesis undrst. (make sense of it) Levels of Evidence 1-4: Positivist & Quant - Correct answer 1. Meta-analysis, a systematic review of several randomized control trials
  1. At least one randomized control trial

Purpose of Lit Review: as a consumer (RN) - Correct answer overall purpose:

  • learn new practice interventions, protocols & supporting evidence,
  • promote evidence-informed revisions
  • generate new clinical qs that guide new research Data-based research literature - Correct answer studies found in journals; aka empirical, scientific Conceptual / theoretical literature - Correct answer reports of theories or reviews; "how-to" types of articles primary source of research - Correct answer a source that is data-based, theory, research written by the original person who did it
  • published research study Secondary source of research - Correct answer a source that is a summary of other material, critique, analysis of a theory, topic, or practice PICOT format to generate clinical Qs in evidence based practice - Correct answer P - problem/patient population; specifically defined group I - intervention; what intervention or event will be studied C - comparison intervention; with what? O - outcome; effect of the intervention T - time frame systematic review - Correct answer literature review that uses rigorous methods to identify, critically appraise, and synthesize primary studies.
  • aka evidence studies that provide the best available objective / consumer lens Meta-analysis (Quantitative) - Correct answer when the treatment effect of effect size is consistent from one study to the next, meta-analysis can be used to identify this common effect Meta-synthesis (QUALITATIVE) - Correct answer - process allows researchers to identify research Qs, select, appraise, "summarize and combine" (synthesize) qualitative evidence across multiple studies

Attentively embracing story - Correct answer theory that proposes intentional nurse/pt dialogue that engages the human story and enabling self-reflection create ease in pts and are intricately related (kate & alison; ccu) Conducting "a" lit review - Correct answer - determine research topic/Q

  • find key variables/terms
  • search data bases & review abstracts for relevance & download
  • preliminary reading (skim, keep/ discard)
  • critically read & summarize
  • decide how to present what you've learned Critiquing "the" lit review - Correct answer when skimming paper
  • is it complete?
  • too old? significant? missing significant?
  • biased?
  • organized?
  • summarized without analysis?
  • conclusion with study purpose? The X Factor IV - Correct answer the variable that has the presumed effect on the DV; can be manipulated The Y factor DV - Correct answer the presumed effect that varies with a change from the IV; not manipulated but can be affected by extraneous/ confounding variables Population - Correct answer a well-defined set that has certain properties;
  • researcher implies in research question and reader gets an idea of who is involved based on study outset Developing a research Q - Correct answer - consumer (RN) learns from practice and forms clinical Qs
  • search literature for supporting evidence
  • critique and find significance to Q Framing a Clinical Q - Correct answer framing elements include P - patient / population / situation
  • 1950s Willowbrook, NY: children with mental issue only admitted if parents consent to research = purposely infected with hepatitis (violation of rights by coercion)
  • 94 pregnant women in africa given placebo for HIV instead of AZT known to prevent passing to babies (violation of fair and protection) Protection of Human Rights - Correct answer Right to self-determination Right to privacy and dignity Right to anonymity and confidentiality Rt to fair treatment Rt to protection from discomfort and harm Basis for Canadian ethics guidelines - Correct answer Respect for persons - Treat people with autonomy /do not use people as a means to an end; informed consent Beneficence - doing good / do not harm; sound research design; risk/benefit ratio; privacy Justice - treat people fairly; equitable selection of pop; respect for vulnerable pop Elements of Informed Consent - Correct answer statement and descriptions of:
  • the study and purpose of research
  • procedures & experiments
  • risks & benefits
  • alternatives
  • extent of confidentiality and records
  • rights & contact info
  • voluntary participation and refusal accepted at any time without penalty Informed consent process does NOT equal informed consent form - Correct answer - ongoing process of communication & mutual understanding
  • NOT a piece of paper, moment in time, or legal contract Research Ethics Board - Correct answer REB Role:
  • assess fair recruitment, inclusion & exclusion
  • investigator / subject relationship
  • consent / maximize autonomy
  • assess risk:benefit ratio
  • assess consent process & forms Special considerations / Vulnerable populations - Correct answer children prisoners mentally disabled persons economically / educationally disadvantaged even subtle: language, culture, pregnancy, students, employees, substance abuse, health status CNA's Code of Ethics, 2008 - Correct answer -Promoting safe, compassionate, competent, and ethical care -Promoting health and well-being -Promoting and respecting informed decision making -Preserving dignity -Maintaining privacy and confidentiality -Promoting justice -Being accountable Scientific fraud and misconduct - Correct answer - nurses obligated to report
  • increases risk & causes harm
  • bases clinical practice on false data Research involving human embryos - Correct answer materials from human reproduction can't be purchased Health Sciences library: searching the literature - Correct answer - Search+: discovery tool; most resources
  • Key resources: most used data bases & point of care (Medline & PubMed)
  • Research guides: librarians setup access points for disciplines Qualitative research methods - Correct answer - guides the nursing practice
  • create instruments
  • and develop nursing theory BY...
  • understanding everyday health experience
  • using voice of participants
  • and structuring ideas from experts
  • Q: how do nursing students experience clinical settings?
  • data: interview & observation notes Case study - Correct answer Qualitative research:
  • this method investigates a phenomenon/ event/ problem/ process/ activity/ or people over time to get in-depth description of dimensions an processes of phenomenon
  • data: interview, observation & document
  • data analysis: cycles / iterative (repetitive) process
  • Q: evolves over time as study progresses Historical method - Correct answer Qualitative research:
  • this method evaluates & interprets facts on people & events of the past*
  • used in philosophy, art, science, letters...
  • data: records, books, artifacts, eyewitness accounts
  • analyze authenticity Ethnography method (culture) - Correct answer Qualitative research:
  • this method aims to understand the EMIC view; cultural views, patterns & lifeways
  • used in cultural anthropology
  • population: key informants
  • data: informal interviews & field notes Phenomenology - Correct answer Qualitative research:
  • this method wants to understand the meaning of a lived experience/ event
  • used in philosophy
  • Q: what is the meaning ... Participatory action - Correct answer Qualitative research:
  • this method is based on finding solutions for a community problem in partnership with the participants (the experts)
  • explore, reflect, & take action on social & health problems Orientational Qualitative Inquiry - Correct answer an ideology that directs the research process
  • critical (focus on power & justice issues)
  • feminist & queer (gender issues)
  • post colonial (power over aborigionals issues)
  • disabilities Metasynthesis of Qualitative Research - Correct answer this process reviews multiple* qualitative studies
  • retains essence and contribution of each study that is relevant and synthesizes* into a new theory triangulation - Correct answer this process expands the research strategy of one study to strengthen your research
  • enhance diversity
  • enrich understanding (multiple perspectives)
  • accomplish certain goals
  • use different researchers(disciplines), times, settings Issues with Qualitative studies - Correct answer this research process has a:
  • naturalistic settings (skip consent)
  • design limits rt. of informed participation
  • researcher as measuring instrument (only human ... bias)
  • time consuming research design - Correct answer - provides plan to aid in solving problems, answering Qs, & testing hypotheses
  • allows the researcher control so they can say the independent variable influence the dependent variable Control - Correct answer - means less generalizability
  • used in research designs to sway influence of variables
  • to rule out extraneous variables: use homogeneous sample, consistent data collection, manipulation and randomization randomization - Correct answer a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups (control vs experimental groups) Internal validity - Correct answer this validity asks if it's the independent variable (or something else) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent variable (within the study) threats to internal validity - Correct answer this validity is impacted by:
  • history: event impacted DV

Quant: true/ classic experimental design - Correct answer - aka: pre-test/post-test control group design;

  • makes level 2 evidence (min bias)
  • properties that strengthen causality and rule out other explanations:
  1. randomization: min variance and selection bias
  2. control: by manipulating IV, careful protocols, or control group
  3. manipulation: the extent (measurable amount) of the intervention (little/lot of the medication) Antecedent variable - Correct answer - extraneous variables in experimental design (threats minimized by control)
  • factors such as: age, sex, SES, health status that could affect DV
  • researcher should check and report how groups compare Quant Exp. design: Solomon 4 - Correct answer -2 classic & 2 after-only groups
  • helps rule out testing threats to internal validity (higher score on 2nd)
  • evaluate effects of pretest on study groups Quasiexperimental designs - Correct answer - a research design that attempts to test cause & effect in which the researcher initiates an experimental treatment but lacks full control.
  • might be missing randomization, control group,
  • non-equivalent control group
  • after-only non-equivalent
  • one group
  • time series evaluation reserach - Correct answer - the use of analytical means are used to document the worth of an intervention / determine effect or outcome of a program
  • formative: program is assessed as it's being implemented (focus on process rather than outcome)
  • summative: outcome of program is assessed after completion of program non-experimental research design

*can't give any evidence to cause and effect!! only correlation! (less control)

  • Correct answer used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point or over a period of time
  • explore people, place, events, or situations as they naturally occur
  • tests/ explores relationships & differences among variables
  • IV is not manipulated non-experimental: survey studies - Correct answer - this group of non-exp designs includes & variables can be classified as perceptions/ opinions/ facts
  • search for accurate info about participants, groups, institutions, situation, freq of phenomenon when little is known about the phenomenon!
  • descriptive
  • exploratory
  • comparative Relationship/ differences studies - Correct answer this group of non- experimental studies deals with correlation; not cause & effect
  • cross-sectional
  • longitudinal
  • retrospective methodological / psychometrics - Correct answer the theory and development of measurement instruments (surveys & questionnaires) and measurement techniques secondary analysis - Correct answer type of analysis when a researcher reanalyzes the data from a study (exp or nonexp) for a completely different purpose epidemiological studies - Correct answer examine factors affecting the health and illness of populations in relation to their environment
  • investigate the distribution, determinants & dynamics of health & disease