Respiration
there are 2 types!
respirationaerobic
respirationanaerobic
what happens in our
muscle cells?
this occurs in the mitochondria of all cells
it is the breakdown of food substances in the of absence oxygen
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
glucose----oxygen--carbon dioxide--water
a large amount of energy is produced but it also gives off
and as waste products
carbon
dioxide water
it is the breakdown of food substances in the of
oxygen
presence
it releases than less energy aerobic respiration
C6 H12 O6 6 C3 H6 O3 + Energy
----glucose--------lactic acid
A person's muscles to enable
movement.
contract vigorously
and increase = to
lungs.
Both respiratory heart rate more oxygen
takes place if oxygen
demand is not reached .
anaerobic respiration
((known as oxygen debt))
But the person may face and due to
the caused by anaerobic respiration .
fatigue muscular pains
accumulation of lactic acid
So in the liver, lactic acid is to . This energy
is used to the remaining .
oxidised release energy
convert lactic acid to glucose
Oxygen debt is repaid after all the is and
is then
lactic acid converted
glucose transported back to the muscles
Gas Exchange
Respiration consumes and produces
, water and (energy)
oxygen
carbon dioxide heat
Breathing mechanism in humans
Inspiration
Expiration
Thoracic volume
so air is
drawn into the lungs
increases
External intercostal
muscles and
internal intercostal
muscles
contract
relax
Diaphragm
and flattens down
contacts
Thoracic volume
, lungs are
compressed and air is
forced out out lungs
decreases
External intercostal
muscles and
internal intercostal
muscles
relax
contract
Carbon dioxide molecules are transported as
in the . With the help of
, an enzyme in red blood cells, the
carbon dioxide molecules react with water molecules to
form . The carbonic acid is readily converted
hydrogen carbonate ions that diffuse out of the red blood
cells and into the blood plasma
hydrogen
carbonate ions blood plasma
carbonic anhydrase
carbonic acid
Diaphragm
and arches up
relaxes
Oxygen molecules are transported in the blood
by the red blood cells. Oxygen binds to
haemoglobin in red blood cells to form
oxyhaemoglobin
Differences in inspired air and expired air
inspired air expired air
Nitrogen: 78%
Water Vapour: variable (rarely saturated)
Carbon Dioxide: 0.03%
Temperature: variable
Oxygen: 21%
Dust Particles: variable but usually present
Carbon Dioxide: 4%
Nitrogen: 78%
Oxygen: 16.4%
Water Vapour: saturated
Temperature: 37 degrees
Dust Particles: little, if any
in humans
The of atmospheric oxygen and the of
carbon dioxide from the body occur in the in the lungs
absorption removal
alveoli
This is the exchange of gases between an and theorganism
environment
The human respiratory system
& regions features : the in the lungs divide repeatedly
forming . bronchioles end in cluster of air sacs
called alveoli
lungs bronchial tubes
bronchioles
: it is the . the numerous
alveoli in the lungs increase the for gaseous
exchange. the alveoli are well supplied with to
enable the efficient exchange of gases. the alveolar surface is
coated with a and its walls are only
alveoli site of gaseous exchange
surface area
blood capillaries
thin film of water one cell
thick
:
secrete mucus that trap dust particles and bacteria in the air that
is channelled to the lungs. have cilia that sweep
the trapped particles and bacteria up the bronchi and trachea,
into the
inner walls of the trachea and bronchi gland cells
ciliated cells
pharynx
: they the chest wall and have two sets of
muscles that can be found between the ribs: the
and .
ribs support
external
intercostal muscles internal intercotal muscles
: the trachea is supported by rings of
cartilage that ensure an trachea
trachea C-shaped
open
: it is a sheet of muscle and
that contracts ans relaxes to change the volume
of the
diaphragm dome-shaped
elastic tissue
thoracic cavity
: the fringe of and the on the
walls of the nasal cavity trap dust and foreign particles. as the air
passes through the air passages, it gets and
nasal cavity hair mucous layer
warmed
moistened
Diseases caused by Tobacco Smoke
Humans have a , so we
need a special system of organs for gaseous exchange between
the environment and the cells in our bodies
small surface area to volume ratio
in the alveoli
The concentration of in the blood is than
in the alveoli
carbon dioxide higher
The concentration of i the alveoli is than in the
blood
oxygen higher
Gaseous exchange occurs at the alveoli via diffusion
Effects of Tobacco Smoke on human health
Carbon monoxide
Tar
Nicotine
Irritants
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Chronic bronchitis
There is mucus secretion.excessive
The cilia lining the airways are paralyzed.
The epithelium lining the airways is inflamed
Symptoms include: Breathing difficulties and persistent
coughing.
The partition walls of alveoli due to violent coughs.
This results in the of surface area available for
gaseous exchange.
break down
reduction
The lungs lose their and become inflated with air.elasticity
Symptoms include: Breathing difficulties and WHEEZING!!!!!!!!
Uncontrolled of cells producing outgrows or lumps of
tissues.
division
This component of tobacco is .It makes blood
clot more easily, increasing the risk of heart disease.
highly addictive
This chemical compound the ability of red blood cells
to . It also the rate at which fats are
deposited on the inner arterial walls and thus, the risk
of .
decreases
transport oxygen increases
increases
atherosclerosis
It is a carcinogenic chemical that in air
passages and reduces the
paralyses the cilia lining
efficiency of gaseous exchange
These group of chemicals paralyses the in air
passages and the risk of and
cilia lining
increases chronic bronchitis
emphysema
