Download Respiratory and Digestive Systems: Structure, Function, and Processes and more Exams Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!
Anatomy Unit 4 Respiratory and Digestive Questions & Answers 2024 A+
- How is air modified before it gets to the alveoli?
cleaned, moistened, warmed
- What is ventilation? movement of air in and out of the lungs (caused by pressure changes)
- What is external res- piration?
- What is internal res- piration?
- What is cellular respi- ration?
gas exchange in the lungs
gas exchange in other body tissues
use of O2/ production of CO2 in cells
- What is the larynx? protective sphincter of trachea, keeps airway open, only allows for air, no liquid, vibrates vocal chords for a small role in speech
- What are the 4 carti- lages of the larynx?
- What are the in- trinsic (only connect to larynx cartilages) muscles and move- ments?
- What are the extrin- sic (connect larynx to other structures) muscles and move- ments?
- What are the lar- ynx muscles inner- vated by?
- What is the trachea?
epiglottis, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid
Abduct (open) and adduct (close) cords, volume, cord stretch, pitch
supra and infrahyoids, elevate and depress for swal- lowing
vagus nerve (sensory and motor)
Anatomy Unit 4 Respiratory and Digestive Questions & Answers 2024 A+
- What are characteris- tics of the bronchial tree wall?
- What are the pri- mary bronchial tree branches?
- How many lobes do the lungs have?
- What are the lo- bar bronchial tree branches?
- What are some small branches of the bronchial tree called?
- What are some things that happen as bronchial tree branches get small- er?
mucous membrane lined tube, held open by C shaped cartilage rings, closed by trachialis smooth mm, allows esophagus expansion
cartilage rings or plates, CT with elastic fibers for lung recoil, smooth mm, has internal epithelium w/ cilia
right and left (branch off trachea)
right-3 and left-
secondary, 3 right, 2 left
small are tertiary segments and bronchioles
cartilage, cilia, and mucus decrease, while smooth mm increases
- What are alveoli? small air filled membrane spheres off the bronchi- oles, covered by capillaries
- What is the respira- alveolar and capillary walls (single cells) and base- tory membrane made ment membranes of?
- What is surfactant? fluid inside alveoli, decreases surface tension
- Is surface tension in alveoli good or bad?
bad
- What is inspiration? air flow into lungs, pushed by atmospheric pressure (760mm Hg)
- How does inspiration work?
We use skeletal mm (diaphragm) to increase thoracic volume and decrease intrapulmonary pressure, so air moves to that low pressure and goes into the lungs
- What is expiration? air flow out of the lungs, pushed by intrapulmonary pressure, elastic recoil happens
- What is lung elastic recoil?
- What is intrapleural pressure?
- What keeps the lungs inflated and prevents collapse?
- What does a rupture of the pleural layers cause?
- What is intrapul- monary pressure?
- What changes in- trapulmonary pres- sure?
- When should intra- pulmonary pressure equal atm pressure?
- How does expiration work?
lungs assume smallest possible size, due to elastic fibers in CT, limited by surface tension, intrinsic uses no muscles
between 2 pleural layers, negative pressure (less than atm pressure or interpulmonary pressure)
Negative pressure and serous fluid in the pleural space
pneumothorax (air) or hemothorax (blood) between the layers
pressure inside alveoli that moves air and allows for inspiration and expiration
stretching of the lungs, modified by skeletal mm like diaphragm, P does vary with inspiration/expiration
transitions between inhale and exhale
diaphragm relaxes, lungs recoil, thoracic volume de- creases, pressure increases, air goes out
- Quiet breathing pro- duces what change in pressure and how much air flow?
1mm Hg change and produces 500ml air flow
- What is tidal volume? amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing (500ml)
- What 2 things are re- lated to air flow in pul- monary ventilation?
pressure differences and resistance in system
How are pressure directly, pressure up, flow up, or pressure down, flow differences (from down changing volume) re- lated to air flow?
What is the greatest for healthy lungs, pressure differences, for unhealthy factor for air flow? lungs resistance
How is resistance re- inversely, resistance up, flow down, resistance down, lated to air flow? flow up
What are 3 fac- elasticity, bronchiole diameter, and alveolar surface tors that effect resis- tension tance?
How is resistance ef- both elasticity and bronchiole diameter are inversely fected by the 3 fac- related to resistance (directly to flow), and alveolar tors? surface tension when high walls stick together
What are the inner- bronchoconstriction (inc resistance) is parasympa- vations for broncho thetic and bronchodilation (dec resistance) is sym- dilation and constric- pathetic tion?
What is lung compli- stretch of lung tissue (must happen first before elas- ance? ticity can cause recoil), more stretch is better
How do gases move? from high pressure to low pressure (down the gradi- ent)
What gas is the most soluble?
Since O2 isn't very soluble in liquid, what happens?
What effects gas movement?
What is the pathway of oxygen to blood?
CO
we need hemoglobin to transport oxygen in the blood (liquid)
partial pressures (not ones bound to hemoglobin) and solubilities
we breathe the air, it goes through respiratory mem- brane, goes into blood but can't dissolve, sucked up by hemoglobin, carried around in blood
- What is alveolar gas? mixture of 500ml fresh air and 1800ml of old air left in lungs
- What are characteris- tics of the old air left in the lungs from pre- vious breaths?
went through gas exchange, O2 removed, CO2 and H2O added, levels of old air can be changed by alveolar ventilation (how deep we breathe)
- What is PO2? partial pressure of oxygen
- Where is PO2 high- est?
- Where is PCO2 the highest?
- What is external res- piration influenced by?
- How is perfusion linked to ventilation?
alveoli (lowest in tissues)
tissues (lowest in alveoli)
structure of membrane, perfusion (blood flow), and partial pressures/ gas solubility
with old air vasoconstriction shunts blood to other alveoli and vasodilation cleans out alveoli, with new
air dilation inc gas exchange and constriction shunts blood to other alveoli
What are the O2 and old air has low O2/high CO2 and new air has high CO2 contents of old O2/low CO air vs new air?
How does capillary to PO2 low in tissues so O2 diffuses to tissues, and tissue exchange hap- PCO2 highest in tissues, CO2 will move to the blood pen for internal respi- ration?
What percentage of 98 O2 is bound to hemo- globin?
What are the parts of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small in- the digestive system testines, large intestines, anus (alementary canal)?
What are the layers of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, the GI canal? serosa/adventitia
What does the mu- lines the lumen of digestive tract, secretes mucus cosa do? and digestive enzymes, has villi and microvilli for absorption, protects
What is the submu- CT layer with lots of blood and lymph vessels, has cosa? neurons and elastic fibers
What is the muscu- circular and longitudinal smooth muscle, neurons be- laris externa? tween, allows for movements (mixing and peristalsis)
What is serosa? visceral peritoneum (in abdomen and pelvis), called adventitia in other areas, NOT in mouth
What innervates the enteric nervous system (autonomic), afferent, effer- digestive system? ent, reflexes, in submucosa between layers
What kinds of stimuli does hormonal regu- lation respond to?
How does the stom- ach regulate motili- ty?
What is stomach emptying triggered by?
Why does the smooth muscle of the stom- ach have a weird re- sponse?
What are some roles of the liver in the di- gestive system?
Where does the liver get blood supply?
chemical, inc in stomach pH, or acidic chyme
peristalsis (strength increased by filling) and empty- ing (negative feedback from SI tells stomach to stop emptying)
stretch
stretches in response to filling instead of contracting
makes bile for fat emulsification, processes nutrients and detoxifies blood
hepatic aa, hepatic portal vein
- What is bile? green alkaline solution, emulsifies fats, has toxic bilirubin pigment from recycled RBCs, stored in gall- bladder or sent to duodenum
- What does the pan- creas do in the diges- tive system?
- How does pancreatic juice get to the duo- denum?
releases secretions into duodenum (pancreatic juice, enzymes, bicarbonate)
pancreatic duct joins bile duct then goes to duode- num
- What does the SI do? absorption of all nutrients
- circular folds for more surface area, villi and microvilli, brush border enzymes for proteins and carbs
What are some modi- fications the SI has to do its job?
- What does the small intestine secrete?
- How does the Si do absorption?
- How are sugar and amino acids ab- sorbed?
- How are fatty acids absorbed?
- What digests triglyc- erides?
- What are the roles of the large intestine?
- How does defecation work?
- What are the parts of the peritoneum?
intestinal juice
uses tight junctions, most by active transport (water passive)
are co transported with Na+
bypass liver, group with bile salts, diffuse, reformed and recycled, enter lacteals to go to blood, broken down again
pancreatic enzymes
storage and elimination of feces, absorbs water, mass movement (peristalsis after meals)
rectum walls stretch, reflex relaxes internal sphincter, skeletal muscle controls external sphincter (motor neurons voluntary)
visceral, parietal, mesentery, greater and lesser omentum
