Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Respiratory System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Gas Exchange - Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive overview of the respiratory system, covering its anatomy, physiology, and gas exchange processes. It includes detailed explanations of key structures like the alveoli, bronchioles, and the alveolar-capillary membrane. The document also presents a series of questions and answers related to the respiratory system, offering insights into its functions and mechanisms.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/14/2025

calleb-kahuro
calleb-kahuro 🇺🇸

5

(5)

1.3K documents

1 / 10

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
AACN CRITICAL CARE NURSING EXAM 2025 WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS/A+ GRADE
Cellular respiration cannot be directly measured but is estimated by the amount of
- CORRECT ANSWER CO2 produced (VCO2) and the amount of O2
consumed (VO2).
VCO2 - CORRECT ANSWER CO2 produced in celluar respiration
VO2 - CORRECT ANSWER the amount of O2 consumed in cellular respiration
external respiration - CORRECT ANSWER The Exchange of O2 and
CO2 at the alveolar-capillary level. It is the ratio of the CO2 produced to the
O2 taken up per minute.
VCO2/min : VO2/min
Proper functioning of the respiratory circuit requires efficient interaction of the - 1.
CORRECT ANSWER respiratory
2. circulatory
3. neuromuscular systems.
In addition to its primary function of O2 and CO2 exchange, the lung also carries
out metabolic and endocrine functions as a source of hormones and a site of
hormone metabolism.
In addition, the lung is a target of hormonal actions by other endocrine organs -
correct answer (e.g., surfactant production and potentially activation of bradykinin).
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

Partial preview of the text

Download Respiratory System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Gas Exchange - Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

AACN CRITICAL CARE NURSING EXAM 2025 WITH

100% CORRECT ANSWERS/A+ GRADE

Cellular respiration cannot be directly measured but is estimated by the amount of

- CORRECT ANSWER CO2 produced (V

C O2 ) and the amount of O

consumed (V

O 2 ).

V

C O 2 - CORRECT ANSWER CO 2 produced in celluar respiration

V

O 2 - CORRECT ANSWER the amount of O 2 consumed in cellular respiration

external respiration - CORRECT ANSWER The Exchange of O2 and

CO2 at the alveolar-capillary level. It is the ratio of the CO2 produced to the

O2 taken up per minute.

V

CO2/min : V

O 2 /min

Proper functioning of the respiratory circuit requires efficient interaction of the - 1.

CORRECT ANSWER respiratory

  1. circulatory
  2. neuromuscular systems.

In addition to its primary function of O2 and CO2 exchange, the lung also carries

out metabolic and endocrine functions as a source of hormones and a site of

hormone metabolism.

In addition, the lung is a target of hormonal actions by other endocrine organs -

correct answer (e.g., surfactant production and potentially activation of bradykinin).

Anatomic divisions of Lungs:

Right lung:

Left Lung: - CORRECT ANSWER Right Lung: 3 lobes—upper, middle, lower

Left lung (two lobes—upper, lower).

Lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments - 10 -

CORRECT ANSWER RIGHT 9 - LEFT

Bronchopulmonary segments are subdivided into

CORRECT ANSWER secondary lobules

Secondary Lobules –

CORRECT ANSWER Independent respiratory units of lung

each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied independently

by:

a (tertiary) segmental bronchus

a tertiary branch of pulmonary artery - carry low oxygen ("venous") blood to

lungs for oxygenation

a branch of bronchial artery

What does a a tertiary branch of pulmonary artery do for secondary lobules? - -

CORRECT ANSWER carries low oxygen ("venous") blood to lungs for

oxygenation

Smallest gross anatomic units of lung tissue; contain the primary functional units of

the lung - CORRECT ANSWER Lobule:

  1. Filters by trapping particles larger than 6 μm in diameter

Separation of food from air is controlled by - CORRECT ANSWER a) local nerve

reflexes

b) Opening of eustachian tube regulates middle ear pressure

c) Lymphatic tissues control infection

Larynx:

a) Vocal cords: Speech function - CORRECT ANSWER Complex structure

consisting of incomplete rings of cartilage and numerous muscles and ligaments

  1. Contraction of muscles of the larynx causes the vocal cords to change shape.

  2. Vibration of the vocal cords produces sound. Speech is a joint function of the

vocal cords, lips, tongue, soft palate, and respiration with control by temporal and

parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

  1. Glottis: Opening between the vocal cords - CORRECT ANSWER b) Valve

action by the epiglottis helps to prevent aspiration.

c) Cough reflex: Cords close resulting in intrathoracic pressure increases to permit

coughing or Valsalva maneuver.

Cricoid cartilage CORRECT ANSWER 1) Only complete cartilage ring

  1. Narrowest part of the child's airway

  2. Inner diameter sets the limit for the size of an endotracheal tube passed through

the larynx

Trachea: - CORRECT ANSWER Tubular structure consisting of 16 to 20

incomplete, or C-shaped, cartilaginous rings that stabilize the airway and

prevent complete collapse with coughing

Trachea - CORRECT ANSWER a) Begins the tracheobronchial tree

b) Warms and humidifies air

c) Mucosal cells trap foreign material

d) Cilia propel mucus upward through the airway

e) Cough reflex present especially at the point of tracheal bifurcation (carina)

f) Smooth muscle innervated by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic

nervous system

g) Carina—the point at which the trachea divides to form the mainstem bronchi

Cough reflex present especially at - correct answer the point of tracheal bifurcation

(carina)

Right mainstem bronchus is and than the left - correct answer shorter and

wider

Terminal bronchioles - correct answer a) Smooth muscle walls (no cartilage);

bronchospasm may narrow the lumen and increase airway resistance

b) Ciliated mucosal cells become flattened with progressive loss of cilia toward the

alveoli

c) Sensitive to CO2 levels: Increased levels induce bronchiolar dilation,

decreased levels induce constriction

In the terminal bronchioles, increased CO2 level - correct answer induce

bronchiolar dilation

In the terminal bronchioles, decreased CO2 levels - correct answer induce

constriction

Pulmonary Surfactant Enables surface tension to decrease as - correct

answer alveolar volume decreases during expiration, which prevents

alveolar collapse

Decreases the work of breathing, permits the alveoli to remain inflated at low

distending pressures, reduces net forces causing tissue fluid accumulation -

correct answer Pulmonary Surfactant

Reduction in surfactant production makes - correct answer lung expansion more

difficult; the greater the surface tension, the greater the pressure needed to

overcome it

Detoxifies inhaled gases and traps inhaled and deposited particles - correct answer

Surfactant

Alveolar-capillary membrane - correct answer 1. alveolar epithelium

  1. interstitial space
  2. capillary endothelium

Gas exchange pathway: - correct answer Alveolar epithelium → alveolar basement

membrane → interstitial space → capillary basement membrane → capillary

endothelium → plasma → erythrocyte membrane → erythrocyte cytoplasm

Alveolar ventilation ( V

A ) : That part of total ventilation taking part in gas

exchange and, therefore, the only part useful to the body - correct answer (a)

Alveolar ventilation is one component of minute ventilation

Minute ventilation ( V

E ) : - correct answer Amount of air exhaled in 1 minute.

Equal to exhaled tidal volume (VT) multiplied by respiratory rate (RR or f). -

correct answer Minute Ventilation (VE)

Normal resting minute ventilation in an adult is about - correct answer 6 L/min:

VT - correct answer Exhaled Tidal Volume

VT * RR = VE - correct answer Exhaled Tidal Vol (VT) * Resp Rate (RR) =

Minute Ventilation (VE)

Tidal volume is easily measured at the bedside by hand-held devices or a

mechanical ventilator. - correct answer spirometers (measure tidal vol)

Exhaled minute ventilation is a routinely measured parameter for patients on

ventilators. Minute ventilation is composed of both - correct answer 1.

alveolar ventilation ( V

A )

  1. physiologic dead-space ventilation ( V

D ) :

alveolar ventilation - correct answer ( V

A )

physiologic dead-space ventilation - correct answer ( V

D ) :

VE = VA + VD - correct answer Minute Vnetilation = aveloar ventilation +

physiologic dead-space ventilation

manometer in respiratory therapy measures - correct answer pressure of expired air

If PaCO2 is high, alveolar ventilation is low and - correct answer hypoventilation is

present

often leads to ventilator dependency. - correct answer Injury at or above C3 to C

level