Chapter 23. Respiratory system: help in breathing
23.5
Ventilation:
Pulmonary ventilation:
Pressure gradients:
Boyle's law:
Quiet breathing:
Forced breathing:
Regulating breathing:
Physiologic events with quiet breathing:
Breathing rate:
Breathing depth:
Autonomic nervous system:
Somatic nervous system:
Airflow:
Minute ventilation:
Alveolar ventilation:
Anatomic dead space:
Physiologic dead space:
23.6
Partial pressure
Pressure gradient:
Law for gas solubility:
Pulmonary gas exchange:
Respiratory membrane (2 anatomic features):
Ventilation perfusion coupling:
Tissue gas exchange:
Pulmonary gas exchange:
23.7
Hemoglobin:
3 ways CO2 is transported:
Oxygen-hemoglobin:
23.8
Hyperventilation:
Hypoventilation:
Venous return:
Breathing during exercise:
Replacement
of
air
with
fresh
air
q
9
→
Is
simple
breathing
,
replacement
of
air
inspiration
&
←
expiration
→
a
9
d
&
pressure
gradient
between
the
alveoli
and
the
atmosphere
at
constant
temp
ature
p9
Vd
and
vice-versa
Normal
breathing
at
rest
Vigrous
breathing
during
exercise
the
brainstem
regulates
breathing
nerve
signals
sent
through
the
nerve
pathway
,
stimulates
diaphram
9
Vd
P
>
f
if
there
is
an
increase
in
H+
and
vice
-
versa
smooth
muscles
,
involuntary
actions
(
lung
movement
)
voluntar y
actions
the
amount
of
air
that
moves
in
and
out
of
the
tract
(
volume
)
Tidal
Volu me
✗
Respiration
Rate
=
minute
How
much
air
you
breath
in
a
minute
(
amount
of
)
(
number
of
)
ventilati on
L
air
breaths
the
amount
of
air
that
reaches
average
:
500mL
✗
12
breaths
=
6000mi
/
min
the
alveolar
no
exchange
of
respiratory
gas
volume
of
air
available
for
gas
exchange
the
pressure
for
each
gas
in
a
mixture
partial
=
exists
when
the
partial
pressure
for
a
specific
gas
is
higher
in
one
region
than
in
another
Henry
's
Law
:
solubility
of
gas
depends
on
partial
pressure
of
gas
+
the
solubility
of
gas
in
the
liquid
gas
exchange
in
the
lungs
→
alveoli
of
the
lungs
to
the
blood
through
capillaries
large
surface
&
minimal
thickness
Bronchioles
regulate
airflow
and
arterioles
regulate
blood
flow
sti
4
!
occurs
in
the
cells
of
the
systemic
tissue
Blood
can
transport
oxygen
when
hemoglobin
is
present
①
coz
dissolved
in
plasma
②
coz
attached
to
portion
of
hemoglobin
③
bicarbonate
0×4
hemoglobin
(
oxygen
bounded
to
hemoglobin
)
dissolves
deoxy
hemoglobin
(
Hemoglobin
without
oxygen
)
increase
of
breathing
ABOVE
body
's
demand
Breathing
that
is
too
slow
,
adequate
to
body
's
needs
hyperventilation
:
increase
venous
return
>
(
venous
return
:
Flow
of
blood
back
to
the
heart
)
hypoventilation
:
decrease
venous
return
Hypernea
:
not
faster
but
deeper
breathing
during
exercise
