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HIST 103
Exploration was done for economic gain Sometimes also done for religion o Try to convert people Relationship between Europeans and North Americans based on power Migration started with the crossing of a land bridge- Beringia o Built settlements o Settlements based on hunting o Complex societies o Trading routes, medicine Hohokam and Anasazi o Offshoots of major communities o Developed complex irrigation systems o Concentrated population o Hierarchy with chiefs o God + nature = 1 o 1100 drought and population growth led to famine o Society began to fall apart o Split into many groups making it easier for the Spanish to come in and conquer Cahoki o Mound builders o Present day Illinois o Largest and most successful tribe o Diverse o Religious structure based on chiefs o Women owned property Considered life blood of society Most Gods were women One of the things the Europeans didn’t understand for men were dominant o Large decline of population over about 3000 years o Couldn’t sustain the amount of people Vikings were the first to conquer the New world o Leif Erikson o He discovered Newfoundland o Lost records of this discovery so it was as if he never found the new world o This is why the discovery is attributed to Columbus
Europe o Just ended extended period of warfare o Bubonic plague wiped out most of the population o Bottom of the power ladder in the world o The highest was China China o Had many things other countries wanted Compass, gunpowder, printing Ottoman Empire o Turks controlled trading route to China and India o Those wanting to trade had to pay taxes and humble themselves to Islam o Exploration was a way to get around these obstacles Tried to find an all water route European power based on economy Portugal led exploration o Developed better ships with cannons o Able to calculate longitude and latitude which allowed them to sail further into unchartered waters o Vasco de Gama (1497) Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope Southern tip of Africa Entrance into slave trade was a potential to make money Developed factories where would trade goods for slaves o Would enter Indian villages and have tribes fight each other to have a steady flow of slaves o Moved money, people, and culture Spanish funded Columbus o Spain most catholic nation in the world o No one tried the voyage because they felt the world was too large to sail o Columbus thought globe was smaller o Spanish wanted to catch up with Portugal so they agreed to fun Columbus o He landed on the island of Hispola but he thought it was the Indies He called them Indians but they were really Taino o Left some Spanish men on the island and then returned to tell Ferdinand and Isabella about his discovery o When he returned he found that they were all killed o Columbus therefore decides to enslave the Natives
o Developed trading partnerships o Settled around the great lakes o Waged small battles which were economically not successful so developed partnerships o Traded furs o Had more success at converting Dutch o Heart of protestant reformation o Rebelled against catholic Spain o Diverse country Catholic Protestant Jews o Developed merchant fleets o Henry Hudson sent to new world (1609) o Trade relationship formed with the Iroquois (1626) o Purchase island of Manhattan o Purely material gain Didn’t look to convert any of the Natives o Result was a thriving republic English o Last of European powers o Protestant nation Their rival was Catholic Spain o 1584- Sent missions to the New World Wanted to set up defensive ports in order to raid the Spanish o 1603- Sign peace treaty with Spanish Allows the English to settle in the New World o 1609- First permanent colony in Virginia know as Jamestown Jamestown o Settlers found weren’t prepared to live in the New World Weren’t farmers They stole and ate the Native’s food o Pocahontas married governor’s son of the Virginia clan easing tensions o Tobacco saved the colony Colony had no economic gain Tobacco became their economic prosperity
Downside was its labor intensive and needs a lot of land Used up all the land to grow the tobacco so were no longer growing food Led to a period of war There was also not enough laborers War and disease Ended up with tons of land but not enough workers This was the opposite in England Population was growing but not enough land to support them o English offered their people a headright Grant of 50 free acres of land in the New World If sponsor someone to come to the New World then receive another free 50 acres o Indentured servants White, Irish, poor Became slaves in order to move to Virginia Treated horribly 1620- 1660- Many indentured servants leading wealthy owners to own tons of land Group of elite o Chesapeake Bay Settlers were mainly men Weak household Church was weak because so much land led the men to live far apart from each other and the church Slavery led to rising class tensions Middle and lower whites allied together under Nathaniel Bacon Together they slaughtered Native Americans Storm Jamestown to acquire rights Some people in this group were free blacks Planters were able to stop this rebellion They decided to switch to slavery o Slavery: Makes the whites not the bottom of society Increase life expectancy Decreased availability of indentured servants They stopped wanting to come Gained entrance into the sugar trade Didn’t have to continue importing slaves from Africa
Latin for Charles o Idealists o Created constitution 2/5 of land to nobility 40% of land Control of upper house and judiciary Religious toleration Lower house elected by small landowners Pass laws past own self interest Offer headrights o 1670 first nobility arrived Son of wealth Brought slave ideology Constitution began to fall apart o Carolinas split into 3 regions North- detached settlers Former indentured servants Low country- elite o Best planting land Back country o Poor white settlers 1691 North Carolina declared independent colony South Carolina o Rice was staple crop o Required tons of labor o Developed slave economy o Economy always based on rice o Small independent farmers begin to form own communities They identify with the elite White solidarity Fear of black uprising o 1720 Majority of Blacks o 1739 largest slave uprising Stono Rebellion Blacks slaughtered 20-25 whites Marched toward town Met by white militia 20-25 whites dead
40 blacks Slave owners became more oppressive Georgia o Idealistic o Refuge for impoverished o Naval base for Spanish o Originally slavery was outlawed o Resistance from settlers Wanted to own slaves Lower class identifying with slave ideology Themes in all slave societies: o Concentrated power in hands of elite Social, economic, political o System of racial slavery Blacks treated as property o Common whites and low planters identify with higher class Hope to own slaves themselves White solidarity o Constant fear of slave uprising Fuels repression o Slavery dependent on formation of staple crop Tobacco, sugar, rice Slave Life o Chesapeake Slaves developed thriving communities Routine the same Gang labor Little free time No independence Close contact with whites Large population with creoles- mixed population Great material wealth Treated better Housing Clothing Food o Low Country Huge plantations
o Scorn luxury o Land was handed out to settlers with church in the center Towns instead of plantations Could watch people to make sure not sinful Economy in New England o Family farming o No cash crop o There were slaves in New England but they were used as household slaves o 1630-1640 Great migration to Massachusetts o Focus switched to commercial Wide variety of export Lumber Hemp Fisheries Free Grace Controversy o Ann Hutchinson challenged the standing order o Said the society became corrupt o She demonstrates to community that society isn’t working o Caused them to go soul searching o She and her followers are exiled and go to establish Rhode Island Summary o South Developmental model Materialism Individualism Wealthy planters Private property rights Rights of elite Right to have slave labor o New England Puritan model Churches Schools Learn to read bible Homogenous Everyone the same Equal wealth Community
Family labor The Middle Colonies o England had ripple effect on colonies o 1640 English civil wars Struggle over decay of church and revolt in Ireland o 1642 Parliament raised army and beheads king Leader of army was Oliver Cromwell English Puritan Becomes lord protector Colonists enjoyed this Believed Puritan Revolution was at hand Once in power, Cromwell allows toleration Dream fails 1658 Cromwell dies o Parliament invites beheaded king’s son Charles II to rule o Begins period of restoration Wanted to expand in New World Crown ambitions Commerce, possessions, and power o Proprietary system King gives land to a group of elite or nobles They had to ensure people moved there o Middle colonies connect English empire New York o 1664 Duke of York o Already claimed by Dutch Called New Netherlands o Duke said original Virginia map showed New York as part of their territory o Sends soldiers to claim it as English territory o 1667 New York becomes English territory o Absolutist government No elected assembly o Dutch remained force Shift in power Conflict between Dutch and English o 1683 Duke gave up on absolutist Allowed assembly New Jersey o 1664
Summary of Middle Colonies o All ethnically diverse o Religious pluralism o Mixed agriculture Imperial Power o By the 1660’s all the colonies had elected assembly Not democratic Power over taxes and defense English power disorganized and decentralized Root of many problems English tried to control colonies but assembly not too happy Mercantilism o Root of English economy o First developed by French o Queen tried but didn’t have enough power over the colonies o Some say there are limited resources in the world but mercantilists say there is an exponential amount o Utilize all natural and domestic resources to produce a stronger economy o Only foreign goods can be imported o Set up colonies to buy those goods and in exchange get cheap goods from the colonists o Balance of trade Export more than import Use money to build up navy and army Leads to stronger nation Navigation Acts o First attempted in 1651 but it failed for there was not enough oversight o Tried again in 1660s o English empire to consolidate control over economy o 3 principles: Only English ships could trade with English colonies Only a few enumerated goods could be imported Staple crops All European goods had to pass through English ports o Increase taxes and commerce o Stimulate growth of English navy o Cut off trade with Dutch
Led to series of wars English able to defeat them Become main power in New World o Colonists not too happy about this Source of conflict Led to question of are colonies equal to English Indian European Relations o Boundaries were vague o Led to border differences which eventually led to war o English determined by wealth and power o If North Americans weren’t important for the economy then they were wiped out o Dutch in New York didn’t enslave Had trading partnership o 1667 Covenant Chain of Peace Example of first English partnership with North Americans Equally beneficial o North Americans were not important to the economy in New England o King Phillip (Metacom) war 1676 - Leader of tribe in Cape Cod Traded with Puritans Commercial trade made the native Americans less important Metacom realized he would lose land because of this He therefore decided to attack the Puritans The beginning stages he was winning but the war ended with them being completely wiped out o French created trading partnership Middle ground Shared power over war and cultural conflict France needed the North Americans Encouraged cultural exchange The Glorious Revolution o Important to colonial America o Charles II had no heir o When he died, his catholic brother James II became heir Duke of York He was catholic; England was protestant o English believed Catholics were tyrants
Baptists and Methodists Within 70 years it would become the dominant religion There was also feminizing of the church Appeal to the emotion worked with women More women were attending church The Enlightenment o Humans thought reason alone could overcome the societal problems o Trans- Atlantic phenomenon o Began in England and France o Spread to the rest of Europe and the colonies Print Culture o Spread in pamphlets and newspapers o In 1735 there was a growth of printing in the colonies o Allowed for the circulation of Enlightenment ideas Political Culture o English political ideas are being spread o Question arose about the idea of liberty and whether it is natural or artificial o There was an agreement that unchecked power will always trample liberty o The Great Awakening is the idea of religious liberty o The Enlightenment is intellectual liberty o American celebrate the English constitution as the prime example of how to perfect liberty The Empire of Goods o Tied the colonies and England together o Between 1740s and 1750s, the colonial economy improved o It tightened the economic bonds The Culture of the Monarchy o After the glorious revolution, the colonies started to see the king as the protector of Protestantism o The colonies did not recognize that Parliament controlled legislation o By 1750 the colonies were more British than ever before This caused the idea of a revolution to be absurd
Empire Redefined: The Seven Years War and the Reshaping of the British American
Empire
The Seven Years War o French and Indian War
o The French and Indians were allied against the British o It was considered the first “World War” Western Migration and the Spark for War o Colonists began expanding westward, encroaching on French and Native American land o Skirmishes constantly arose o The French had a peaceful agreement with the Indians o In 1753, Virginia sent George Washington to tell the French to leave the Ohio Valley They refused o In 1754 Washington returns with a small army o There was panic and shots were fired Led to war breaking out o o .. While under attack, Washington makes a “brilliant strategic decision”-he builds a fort in a valley- which was conquered quickly. This led to the formation of a military union by the colonies. b. The Albany Congress and the Failure of Colonial Union-the colonies were not united. The Puritans viewed it as a religious war to purge North America of Catholics. Southerners did not view it as one and became divided. The Iroquois join the French. The Alban Congress fails to work. Ben Franklin who was pro-British, proposed a Colonial Union, and only to deal with defense and Indian relations. Only 7/13 colonies chow up, the rest reject it, and the colonies still see themselves as individual states. Tensions remained between the British soldiers and the colonists. The British take goods and require the colonists to house the soldiers. c. The Policy of Consent and British Victory-the British adopted an authoritative stance-they imposed themselves on the colonists-took food and lodging without asking. They also took control of the colonial troops. In 1760, William Pitt comes into power as a general and decides to fix the institutions. There was the Policy of Consent -goes to the assembly to ask for food and lodging, and it gives the colonists the idea that they have power and are British citizens. It united the British colonists, and forced the French to make a peace treaty. The Treaty of Paris in 1763- ended the war, and forced the French to completely leave the New World-a massive victory for the British. Because of this, Spain was the only other power that remained, and Native Americans lost their French protection. But due to the war, the British ended up with a large about of debt. II. Post-War Fallout: The Beginnings of Colonial Discontent-In 1760, a new king came to power (George III). a. The Abandonment of the Consent Policy-some wanted to extend it, to which the king refused. There was fear of colonial sentiments of independence, and that England might have to declare bankruptcy. b. Restricting Western Settlement: The Proclamation of 1763-the line going down the Western part of the colonies prevented colonists from settling in the west. This was done to prevent war.
9/13 colonies show up Pass joint statement Committees of correspondence o Coordinate opposition to stamp act Colonies working together More notes III. The Boston Massacre (1770)-in the spring some colonists through sticks and ice at the soldiers, some of the soldiers shot in retaliation and killed 5 colonists. The Sons of Liberty immediately published the story and titled it the ‘Boston Massacre’. e. Committees of Correspondence-dissolved after the repeal of the stamp act. A new group continues to propagandize, and fought against all British laws. III. Changing Landscape-significant changes following the seven year’s war. a. Immigration-immigrants came from Scotland and Ireland and settled in the back country. b. Backcountry Settlement-they brought their own culture with them and it led to conflict with the current settlers on the frontier. c. The Carolina Regulator Movements-group of backcountry settlers-in North Carolina a small group saw government as corrupt and attacked the courts and judges, shutting down government institutions. IV. Toward War a. The Tea Act-1773-revision of the tea tax. It gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea trade. The problem for the colonists was that they saw it as an arbitrary regulation that was tyrannical in nature. This led to the Boston Tea Party, where Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans, and snuck onto a British ship, and then dumped all the tea into the Boston Harbor. b. The Intolerable (Coercive) Acts-(1774) there were four parts: o Closed the Boston harbor to all trade-economic punishment. o Revoke the Massachusetts charter and the British commander there had total authority- military law. o Quartering Act-requiring Bostonians to house British soldiers (to keep an eye on them). o Quebec Act -gives part of Canada the right to be a Catholic country.
It served as ‘concrete’ evidence that the British were being tyrannical. c. The Provincial and First Continental Congresses-it was a form of representative government formed outside of Boston. It met in 1774 with all colonies sending deleagates, and they sent a petition to the king. V. Virtual Versus Actual Representation-the colonists argued for no taxation without representation. a. Virtual Representation and the Defense of Imperial Policies-the reason for taxation. b. Actual Representation and the Repositioning of Political Authority-it was believed to lead to a revolutionary idea of popular sovereignty. The War for Independence I. Declaring War-the fighting began with Concord and the rumor that Hancock and Sam Adams would be arrested. The fighting kicked into gear following Paul Rivere’s famous ride. a. Olive Branch Petition-last attempt to appeal to the king. All that was holding them back was attachment to the king. They did not want independence but rather consent, control over their own affairs with the king as the executive. However, King George rejected it. b. Common Sense-it was popular because it was accessible. It was written by Thomas Paine, and history considered it the axe that sliced the empire. c. The Declaration of Independence-(1776), there was a call for a committee to write the declaration-Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson. It was adopted on July 2 and signed on July
- It blamed mostly everything on the king. II. Assessing War Aims and Strategy a. British Advantages and Strategy-they believed they had the advantage due to proper training and the amount of people in the colonies was 2.5 million (majority were slaves). There was also no common identity among the colonies. b. American Advantages and Strategy-they had the ‘homefield’ because they knew the topography. III. Internal Divisions a. White Loyalists-merchants, economically tied to British, recent immigrants and older citizens.
