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Review of All EMT Concepts National
Registry Test 2025
Effects of Epinephrine - Correct answer Vasoconstrictor &
Bronchodilator
Effects of Nitroglycerin - Correct answer Vasodilator
4 Contraindications for Nitroglycerin - Correct answer 1) BP < 100
systolic
- Already taken 3 doses
- Last dose within 5 minutes
- Sexual enhancement drugs within 48 hours What position is used for a patient with a protruding umbilical cord? -
Correct answer Knee-chest position
Define gravida - Correct answer number of pregnancies
Define para - Correct answer number of live births
When to ventilate patients? - Correct answer When their breaths/min do
not fall between 8<x<
% oxygen by BVM - Correct answer 90%
Emphysema - Correct answer Dead space in lungs, body retains
carbon dioxide. Very prone to upper resp. diseases like pneumonia.
Congestive Heart Failure - Correct answer Heart can't pump blood
sufficiently to meet the body's needs. Commonly caused by MI. Pulmonary edema & rales from fluid, sit patient upright (High fowlers, legs down) and administer high flow O2 via NRB mask.
Pulmonary embolism - Correct answer Blood clot that has travelled
throughout the blood stream and is blocking an artery of the lung.
Pleural Effusion - Correct answer Collection of fluid outside the lung,
compresses lung and causes dypsnea. Stems from infection, CHF or cancer.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax - Correct answer Usually caused by
trauma. Pressure in pleural pace keeps lungs inflated, pleuritic chest pain. Collapsed lung.
Transient Ischemic Attack - Correct answer Precedes 1/3 of all strokes.
Blockage or spasm of blood vessel (clots), signs & symptoms must be gone within 24 hours.
Syncope/Syncopal Episode - Correct answer Brief LOC from transiet
cerebral hypoxia. Lasts less than 30 seconds, should then be immediately alert and oriented. From vagal stimulation. (Fainting)
Epilepsy - Correct answer Condition of reoccuring seizures.
Petit Mal Seizure - Correct answer "Absence spells", usually in kids 6-
- Staring episodes, mistaken for lack of attention.
Grand Mal Seizure - Correct answer LOC & violent muscle contractions
(what most people think of when they picture a seizure).
Pre-ictal (aura) - Correct answer Phase of Grand Mal Seizure, RIGHT
before the seizure occurs.
Tonic Phase - Correct answer Stiffening of the limbs during a grand mal
seizure. Breathing may cease or decrease
Clonic Phase - Correct answer Jerking of limbs and face, after the tonic
phase.
Post-ical phase - Correct answer After the tonic-clonic convulsions of a
grand mal seizure, the patient is altered, disoriented, and recovering.
Obstructive Shock - Correct answer Obstruction in system inhibits
blood/oxygen flow. EX: clot, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade. Inhibits heart from beating properly.
Cardiogenic Shock - Correct answer Heart failure, heart isn't beating
correctly (don't confuse with obstructive shock, there is no outside agent here). Pulmonary edema
5 types of Distributive Shock - Correct answer 1) Neurogenic: Problem
with brain/spinal cord, can't communicate with site of injury's blood vessels.
- Drug abuse: Nitro or opiates (vasodilator) causes neurogenic shock.
- Anaphylactic: dilated blood vessels/low BP
- Septic: from bacteria producing vasodilating toxins
- Psychogenic: emotional (blood vessels dilate in the brain and you faint)
3 stages of Shock - Correct answer 1) Compensated
- Decompensated
- Irreversible (death will occur)
Cardiac Tamponade - Correct answer Collection of fluid between heart
and sac, usually from blunt or penetrating trauma. Blood leaks into pericardium and accumulates in sac, compresses heart. BECK'S TRIAD
Beck's Triad - Correct answer Symptoms of cardiac tamponade. Jugular
Vein Distention, Muffled heart sounds, Widening systolic/diastolic BP.
Tension Pneumothorax - Correct answer Worsening pneumothorax.
Damage to lung tissue. Air that's usually in the lungs escapes into chest cavity, applying pressure to heart and organs. Complete lung collapse on affected side. JVD
3 components of a bomb blast - Correct answer Primary: shock wave,
ruptures all internal organs. Secondary: metal particles from bomb hit & injure you Tertiary: Being thrown by force to the ground or against the wall.
Sprain vs. Strain - Correct answer Sprain: overstretching/damaging
ligaments
STrain: T for TENDON, overstretching/damaging tendon.
Ligaments vs Tendons - Correct answer Ligaments: bone to bone
Tendon: muscle to bone connection
Epiphyseal - Correct answer Fracture at growing plate (kids)
Compartment Syndrome - Correct answer Injured cells leak watery fluid
into cell spaces between them. This fluid pressure compresses tissue and increases muscle pressure. Leads to muscle & nerve damage and pain out of proportion to the injury. Potential complication of fracture.
Crush syndrome - Correct answer Results from area of body
trapped/crushed 4+ hours and artery flow is poor. metabolic derangement, Renal failure and sometimes death.
Melena - Correct answer Blood appears in feces, serious sign of
internal bleeding.
Nondisplaced fracture - Correct answer Simple crack of the bone, no
angulation/deformity.
Subluxation - Correct answer INCOMPLETE join location/disruption
Patient Positions (7) - Correct answer 1) Supine
- Prone
- Fowlers: (sitting up) patient's upper body is at a 45-60 degree angle.
- Semi-fowlers: patient's upper body is at less than a 45 degree angle.
- Trendelenberg: patient's legs are elevated higher than the head.
- Shock position
- Lateral recumbent: (recovery position) patient is laying on their left or right side.
Organs of the Left Lower Abdominal Quadrant - Correct answer -
Female reproductive organs -large & small intestines
Herniation Syndrome - Correct answer happens when ICP occurs.
same symptoms as ICP.
Epidural Hematoma - Correct answer accumulation of blood between
skull and dura mater (outermost layer), almost always because of linear fracture. Lucid intervals of LOC
Subdural Hematoma - Correct answer Accumulation of blood
BENEATH dura mater, outside brain. More common than epidural. Fluctuating LOC or slurred speech.
Intracerebral Hematoma - Correct answer Bleeding within brain tissue.
High mortality rate
Flail Segment - Correct answer 3+ ribs fractured in 2+ places. Causes
free floating segment of the chest wall, other internal injuries probably present. Splint using a pillow or towel.
Different Abnormal Lung Sounds - Correct answer -snoring: tongue
partially blocking upper airway -wheezing: constriction of bronchioles in lungs -gurgling: fluid in UPPER airway -stridor/crowing: partial UPPER airway obstruction
Opiates & their effects - Correct answer -Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
-Propoxyphene (Darvon) -Heroin, morphine, codeine, meperidine (Demerol) These type of drugs suppress the CNS, depressing the respiratory system, heart rate and blood pressure.
When would you ventilate an infant? Start CPR? - Correct answer
Ventilate 40-60 bpm when their heart rate is less than 100bpm. CPR when heart rate is below 60 bpm.
Glascow Coma Scale (eyes) - Correct answer (1 point) Does not open
eyes (2 points) Opens eyes in response to painful stimuli
(3 points) Opens eyes in response to voice (4 points) Opens eyes spontaneously
Glascow Coma Scale (Verbal) - Correct answer (1 point) Makes no
sound (2 points) Incomprehensible sounds (3 points)Utters inappropriate words (4 points) Confused and disoriented (5 points) Oriented, converses normally
Glascow Coma Scale (Motor) - Correct answer (1 point) Makes no
movement (2 points) Extension to painful stimuli ---> Decerebrate response (3 points) Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli --->Decorticate response (4 points) Flexion/withdrawal to painful stimuli (5 points) Localizes painful stimuli (6 points) Obeys commands
Hemothorax - Correct answer Same as pneumothorax, except blood is
the cause (not air). Something that can bleed has been damaged, so now blood fills the chest cavity.
Pericardial Tamponade - Correct answer SAME THING AS CARDIAC
TAMPONADE. Peri=around & cardial=heart. Rapid accumulation of fluid around the heart, leading to pressure around the heart so it can't expand and pump adequately. BECKS TRIAD
First stage of Labor - Correct answer Begins with uterine contractions
Second stage of Labor - Correct answer When cervix is fully dilated and
ends when infant is born.
Third stage of Labor - Correct answer Begins with birth of infant & ends
with delivery of placenta.
Placenta - Correct answer filters nutrients and oxygen from mom's
system to the baby.
Limb presentation - Correct answer TRUE EMERGENCY. Left lateral
trendelenberg position, high flow oxygen for mom. Leave limb out and transport, c section is required.
Prolapsed Cord - Correct answer Cord comes out before the baby
does. Left lateral trendelenberg and use hand to keep baby from compressing it (it should be pulsating, this means the baby is getting oxygen). Can use knee-chest position too.
McRobert's Maneuver - Correct answer Pull knees to head to open up
pelvis.
Post Partum Hemorrhage - Correct answer Bleeding in excess of 500cc
after delivery. FUNDAL MASSAGE and put infant to breast. Place pad over vaginal opening and treat for shock, elevate hips.
Fetal Demise - Correct answer Baby dies in utero and
decomposes/mummifies.
Epiglottitis - Correct answer Bacterial infection of soft tissue in the area
above the vocal cords, mistaken for croup. Most commonly in children. High grade fever >
Croup - Correct answer VIRAL infection of airway below vocal cords,
laryngotracheal bronchitis. sounds like a "seal bark"
Meningitis - Correct answer Inflammation of meninges (layer protecting
spinal cord & brain). Flu like symptoms with Nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) and body rash of anterior trunk
2 types of stroke - Correct answer 1) Ischemic (from a clot)
- Hemorrhagic (from a bleed)
Normal heart rate of Newborn - Correct answer 140-160 bpm
Normal heart rate of children 1-6 years old - Correct answer 100-
bpm
Normal heart rate of children 6+ - Correct answer 80-100 bpm
Cincinnati Stroke Test (3 components) - Correct answer 1) Smile
- Close eyes and raise arms, should be at equal levels
- Repeat "the sky is blue in Cincinnati" You are assessing a 53-year-old female who neighbors discovered acting funny. The patient appears to be fatigued and confused and exhibiting slurred speech. She is breathing and has a pulse and skin that is cool and mottled. Vital signs are pulse 68 beats per minute, respirations 14 per minute, blood pressure 108/60 mmHg, and temperature 92.7 degrees Fahrenheit. There are no signs of trauma to the patient. Patient prescriptions of Verapamil, Digoxin, Synthroid, and nitroglycerin are found in the bedroom. Allergies are unknown. The temperature in her apartment is 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Based on the assessment findings, which of the following conditions is most likely a contributing factor to the patient's condition? Hypothyroidism Hypertension Atrial fibrillation
Seizure - Correct answer Hypothyroidism.
You have been called to the top of a mountain resort for a patient that is complaining of a sudden onset of shortness of breath and coughing. Your assessment of the patient reveals an anxious patient with basilar crackles in his lungs. The patient's vital signs include a heart rate of 136, respirations of 28, and a blood pressure of 176/94 mmHg. What is your field diagnosis of this patient? High altitude pulmonary edema New onset congestive heart failure Pneumonia
High altitude congestive heart failure - Correct answer High altitude
pulmonary edema, a result of increased pulmonary pressure and hypertension caused by changes in blood flow at high altitudes.
