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Biology 100 Review for Final Exam The following items are suggested as the BEGINNING point in your preparation for the final examination in Biology 100. You should devote most, but NOT ALL of your study time on the concepts, principles, and factual review that follows. As always, you should be prepared to apply any and all of the concepts we have covered in class, and especially those mentioned in this review. Study smart and remember to keep your verbalizations positive. Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic. Define ecology and apply the concept. Differentiate between population and community. Define ecosystem and biome. Compare and contrast ecosystem and biome. Define energy flow and apply the concept. Define trophic levels and apply the concept. Know which organisms belong in each trophic level, names, and how much energy/biomass is available at the next trophic level. Define symbiosis and discuss the major symbiotic relationships (apply the concept). Perform the mathematical calculations relating to energy flow between trophic levels. Define biodiversity; list and discuss threats to biodiversity. Evaluate the concept of biological magnification. List the five kingdoms of life; provide the characteristics of each kingdom; and differentiate between them. List the three domains of life; provide the characteristics of each, and determine which “kingdom” fits where.
List the components of an atom and their charge (if any); apply atomic number and atomic weight; electronegativity, energy levels and how many electrons in each level, and number of valence electrons. Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding: which is which; strongest and weakest; polar versus nonpolar; and how many covalent bonds will a certain atom tend to form. Apply the concept of solution, solute, and solvent. Define pH and apply the concept: acid versus base, how many more H+s in one solution compared to another; and buffer. List the four classes of macromolecules and determine the monomer(s) of each class. Define enzyme and apply the concept: activation energy, active site, composition of and structure; competitive versus noncompetitive inhibition, denaturation (and list some causes), substrate, naming, and importance. Differentiate between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions and apply the concept. List and discuss the four structures of a protein (be able to recognize which is which). Define biology and apply the concept. List the elements that compose most of “living” things. List and discuss the “parts” of a chloroplast and mitochondrion: name, structure, purpose or function, and location. Construct a formula for photosynthesis; discuss the formula, and state the concept in multiple ways.
Define crossing-over, when does it occur, what might happen, and why is the process important? There will be several genetic problems on the final: dominant vs. recessive. homozygous dominant vs. homozygous recessive, heterozygous, sex-linked, incomplete dominance, codominant alleles, pleiotrophy vs. polygenic inheritance, monohybrid vs. dihybrid crosses, and probability. Differentiate between somatic and sex cells; and autosomes and sex chromosomes. Define species and apply the concept. Apply the taxonomic scheme: most inclusive vs. most exclusive, scientific name, what is a taxon, kingdoms vs. domains, and “closeness” of the relatedness. Define and discuss the nucleic acids: composition, bonding patterns, percentages, where occurring, replication, transcription, and translation; codons vs. anticodons, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids, etc. Apply the bonding concept: given one item, construct everything else scenario. List and discuss the tissue types. Compare and contrast muscular, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues. List, discuss, and apply the organ systems of human beings. Discuss the visible spectrum of light: most energy vs. least energy, wavelengths, waves, and photons. Define calorie and apply the concept. Differentiate between acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate. Distinguish members of the Domain Archaea.
The flow chart of plant evolution from chalk talk all TESTABLE MATERIALS...ENOUGH SAID. Define and apply the concept of metamorphosis. Define hypha, mycelium, vegetative and fruiting (reproductive) hyphae. The animal phyla, what organisms are included, and general characteristics are all TESTABLE materials. List and discuss the four defining characteristics of the chordates. Define and discuss the amniotic egg. List the discuss the features unique to mammals. Differentiate between the monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians. Define binary fission and apply the concept. Differentiate between endotoxin and exotoxin, and apply the concept.
