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REVIEWER: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
LESSON 1: MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
Definition of history – historia – inquiry/learning Greek noun of history German name of history Means to happen Chronological record of significant events, the study of past events Learning about the past affect us right now. We study history because of you, me and them. The past is everything that has happened up until this moment. History is a record of past events. “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat.”- George Santayana Human had this habit to repeat the same mistake all over again. We study history to learn how to be a change champion, someone who breaks the pattern and creates change. History is full of inspirational leader who stands up for our belief. Why study history? What's the point? How does learning about the past affect my life right now? The answer is always you. T he past refers to everything that's happened up until this moment. History is a record of past events. When we study the past we examine pictures , letters , videos , legal documents and much more which give us glimpses into other time periods.
But why study history at all? George Santayana said those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it. Humans are creatures of habit who have a tendency of making the same mistake over and over again. Think about it, how many times have you promised yourself you'd get your work done well before the deadline. Yet find yourself working furiously the day before it's due each time. You tell yourself that next time you'll do things differently yet you never quite learn the lesson. Maybe it's hard for humans to learn from their mistakes so why study history? It can be said that we learn about history in order to understand how to become a change champion , someone who finds a way to break the pattern and create change in their community History is full of inspirational leaders who teach us about standing up for our beliefs. History doesn't involve simply learning about the big mistakes or the change champions. History is filled with larger-than-life characters who take on a starring role in history books. These people use their power, good or evil to create change but they are nothing without the ordinary people who support them. You see history is so much more than wars and empires and famous buildings. It's about his story and her story, in their story. We study history to learn about how the deeds of ordinary people shaped the lives of other ordinary people and how their lives were affected by other ordinary people and so on. When we study the past, we are studying the decisions and daily lives of individual people whose actions contributed to what we call history. That's where you come in every action you make and every word you speak becomes part of something bigger than you can possibly imagine.
school of thought that emerged between the 18th and 19th century. This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true Historians were required to show written primary documents in order to write a particular historical narrative. school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their societies against the shadows of their colonial past. Two Things in Writing History Telling their nation’s history highlighting their identity free from discourse and knowledge of colonialism Criticizing the methods, effects, and idea of colonialism History as Reconstruction the historian is many times removed from the events under investigation historians rely on surviving records If you had the misfortune to do too much of it at school, you’ll probably remember one thing about history: just how boring it can be. You might harbor painful memories of the 100 Years War, the War of Spanish Succession, Crop Rotation in the Middle Ages or - heaven forbid - the good deeds of Florence Nightingale. As a result, it wouldn’t be surprising if - nowadays - you tended to steer well clear of the whole topic. But that would be a pity. The real reason why history is so boring is that we’re not clear about what it should be for. Here’s the big reason why history matters: it matters because it can provide us with solutions to many of the problems of the present.
At its best, history is there to introduce us to some of the things we need but that aren’t sufficiently visible in the world today. As a society, we’re very obsessed by what we’re up to right now. Unknowingly, we’re hugely biased towards the present. The news - which is about the most prestigious force in the world today - circles obsessively around some of the things that have happened in the last five minutes and yet, many of the most important things that we need to nourish , sustain and inspire us are a lot older. What we nowadays need above all else are GOOD IDEAS and history is full of them. Imagine you’re dissatisfied with aspects of contemporary Capitalism. It might help hugely to read about the HISTORY of the Levellers, a group of English radicals writing and acting between 1645 and 1650. Or if you question what the point of going on holiday is, you might dramatically enrich your thoughts by considering the HISTORY of pilgrimage , especially the motives which people had for trekking off to visit distant shrines. History teaches us that THINGS CAN CHANGE. People haven’t always been as they are now: materialistic and work obsessed, unable to build nice architecture, over-concerned with being “connected” or hung up on being absurdly thin There’s an annoying saying that goes: THOSE WHO DON’T KNOW HISTORY ARE DOOMED TO REPEAT IT. But that’s suggesting the only thing history is full of is mistakes. Yet it's as fair to say, those who don't know history won't be able to IMPROVE the present. History can also teach us COURAGE. It’s easy to feel, when you’re pressed up against the present, that things are exceptionally awful right now but they rarely are, once you open the lens wide enough. The present isn't unusual in its levels of mediocrity and compromise. Once you read the letters, the old guys were just as bad. And though our challenges are of course great, they
“Each generation of historians develops its own perspectives, and that our understanding of the past is constantly reshaped by the historian and the world he or she inhabits These are objects from the past or testimonies concerning the past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of that past. Tangible remains of the past materials used for the writing of history 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES (5) 2 TYPES OF WRITTEN SOURCES
1. Published materials Books, magazines, journals, Travelogue transcription of speech 2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed] Archival materials Memoirs, diary Oral history, Artifact, Ruins, Fossils, Art works, Video recordings, Audio recordings practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining the physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced , and the materials used for the evidence examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. It could be done by looking at the author , its context, agenda , the purpose behind its creation. DECEPTION CASES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Hoax Code of Kalantiaw Ferdinand Marcos as WWII Soldier History has been used to control minds. If not by absolute suppression or fabrication of events, at least by their slight distortion. The catastrophic result of this is that the colonizers became the unselfish, humane and selfless partners. This “invented history” by the colonizers became an important component in the progression of colonial consciousness or mentality.
This “ fictional history ” hides the fact of the insensitive motivations of the colonizers and their native collaborators towards making colonization easier to accept. This mental conditioning has made it easy for the colonizers to make the colonized believe that the policies implemented by the former is for their own welfare and benefit. Testimony of an eyewitness must have been produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied. they are either participants or witnesses eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, and official documents (government or private) and even photographs Ex: (Commonwealth 1935) -Minutes - Newspaper clippings -Records - Photographs -Eyewitness(es) PRIMARY SOURCES Four Main Categories of Primary Sources (WIAO) primary sources related to visual imagery (MPDspC) generally used to indicate locations as well as topography reveals how space and geography were being used to emphasize trade routes, travel routes, structural build up, etc. may indicate the conditions of life of the past societies for political expression or propaganda also indicates the temper of the times. reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life. It also gives us visual ideas of places, historical events as well as people. are visual representations based on the artist’s expression or interpretation of events and ideas. These become useful historical sources when we have to know or understand the context of the period in which they are made. recovered at Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Palawan. an elaborately designed burial jar with anthropomorphic figures on top of the cover that represent souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat. It is dated to as early as 710 - 890 B.C. declared a National Cultural Treasure.
- Identification of the author e.g. to determine his reliability ; mental processes, personal attitudes
- Determination of the approximate date
- Ability to tell the truth - nearness to the event, competence of witness, degree of attention
- Willingness to tell the truth - to determine if the author consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods
- Corroboration i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking
- Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
- Sensitivity to Context
- Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human affairs “All historians, whatever their professional status, have ethical obligations to be humane, accurate, self-aware and judicious.”
- Ludmilla Jordanova “The history perpetrated by the Americans who in their desire to present themselves as altruistic benefactors rather than conquerors minimized or concealed from succeeding generations of Filipinos the cruelties committed by their army as well as the fierce resistance of the people.” -Renato Constantino Araw ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas – June 12, 1964 / Republika Blg. 4166 JUNE 12, 1898 – Kalayaan ng Pilipinas mula sa mga Espanyol Ipinanganak si Rizal sa Calamba, Laguna Ama ng Katipunan – Andres Bonifacio
Katipun, Kawal at Alipin- pinakamababng antas sa Katipunan
Biography is secondary source Autobiography is a primary source ＫＡＭＡＴＡＹＡＮ ＮＩ ＡＮＤＲＥＳ B ＯＮＩＦＡＣＩＯ Part 1 Sa gitna ng rebolusyon, isang halalan ang naganap sa Tejeros, Cavite, sa kahilingan ng mga Katipunerong Magdalo na ang lumahok ay mula sa Cavite
lamang. Nanalo sa pagka-pangulo si Emilio Aguinaldo, Lider ng Katipunang Magdalo at ang Supremo ay naihalal sa mababang posisyong Tagapangasiwa ng Panloob (Interior Director). Dahil sa ang mga kasapi ng Magdalo ay mga may kayang tao sa hilagang- kanlurang bahagi ng Kabite at kanilang mga taga-sunod, ayaw nila kay Andres Bonifacio sapagkat ito ay isang laki sa hirap at ayaw nilang tanggapin na sila ay pinamumunuan ng isang mahirap na kagaya ng Supremo kaya’t minamaliit nila ang kakayahan nito. Nang sinubukan ng mga kasapi ng lupon ng mga Magdalo na usisain ang kakayahan ni Andrés Bonifacio na gawin ang tungkulin ng isang Tagapangasiwa ng Panloob, na ayon sa kanila ay gawain lamang ng isang abogado, nainsulto si Bonifacio. Idineklara ng Supremo, bilang pangulo ng Katipunan, na walang bisa ang naganap na eleksiyon dahilan sa pandaraya sa botohan ng mga Magdalo. Dahil dito, kinasuhan si Bonifacio ng sedisyon at pagtataksil ng mga Magdalo. Habang hindi pa naka-aalis ng Cavite, siya ay ipinahuli at ipinapatay ni Aguinaldo sa kanyang mga tauhan. Iniutos kay Mariano Noriel na ibigay ang hatol sa isang selyadong sobre kay Lazaro Makapagal. Iniutos ang pagbaril kay Bonifacio kasama ang kanyang kapatid na lalaking si Procopio Bonifacio noong 10 Mayo 1897 malapit sa Bundok Nagpatong (o Bundok Buntis). Noong 1918, sinikap ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas na hanapin ang labi ni Andrés Bonifacio sa Maragondon. Ayon sa isang grupo ng mga opisyal ng pamahalaan, mga dating rebelde at isang lalaking nagpakilala bilang dating kasambahay ni Bonifacio, nahanap daw ang kaniyang mga buto sa isang taniman ng kawayan noong 17 Marso 1918. Inilagay ang mga labi sa huling pamamahala ng Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas, at itinipon ito sa Lumang Gusaling Batasan (ang kasalukuyang Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas) hanggang sa nawala ang urna noong panahon ng Labanan sa Maynila ng 1945. https://www.facebook.com/akoaysiANDRESBONIFACIO/ .facebook.com/akoaysiANDRESBONIFACIO/ https://www.facebook.com/akoaysiANDRESBONIFACIO/ May 10, 1897 – Pinapatay si Andres Bonifacio at kapatid nitong si Procopio sa Maragondon, Cavite Lazaro Macapagal- pinuno sa pagpatay kina Bonifacio at Procopio
